Deck 10: Body Weight and Composition for Health and Sport

Question 1

Which of the following initial Body Mass Indexes (BMI) is indicative of overweight and obesity, respectively?

A) 10, 15
B) 15, 20
C) 20, 25
D) 25, 30
E) 30, 35

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following statements about techniques to measure body composition is INCORRECT?

A)The only direct method to analyze body composition is by chemical extraction of all fat and other solid matter from body tissues
B) All techniques currently used to predict body density or percentage of body fat are only estimates and are prone to error CHydrodensitometry is based on Archimedes' principle that a body immersed in a fluid is acted upon
) by a buoyancy force in relation to the amount of fluid the body displaces
DMore sophisticated techniques, such as MRI, CT, and neutron activation analysis, are very
) expensive, but individually are more effective than underwater weighing to predict body-fat percentage

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When considering the composition of the human body,

A) essential body fat is necessary for proper functioning of certain body structures, while storage fat is
Simply a depot for excess energy.
B) the vast majority of our body consists of just three elements: carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
C) the fat-free mass is about 10 percent water, while adipose tissue is about 70 percent water.
D) body composition is influenced primarily by the diet and sex of the individual.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The set-point theory of weight control is based upon a feedback system, suggesting that the individual is programmed to be a certain body weight and that the body will always attempt to maintain that weight by regulating hunger and metabolism. What part of the body is believed to be the regulatory center for the control of the various feedback mechanisms?

A) liver receptors
B) stomach receptors
C) blood receptors in the kidney
D) receptors in the hypothalamus in the brain
E) receptors in the small intestine where absorption takes place

Question 5

In which activities might the condition of "anorexia athletica" appear to be more prevalent?

A) football and basketball
B) swimming and baseball
C) soccer and field hockey
D) ballet and gymnastics
E) tennis and golf

Question 6

When considering android versus gynoid types of obesity, which of the following is true?

A) The male type of obesity is characterized by fat accumulation in the gluteal-femoral region
B)An android: gynoid ratio greater than .90 in women and .80 in men is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease
C) Both types of obesity have a strong genetic component
D) Gynoid-type obesity is also known as apple-shaped obesity

Question 7

Which of the following statements is correct for the deposition of fat in the human body?

A) Hypertrophy is an increase in the number of fat cells
B) When body fat is lost, fat cells become empty and disintegrate
C) Existing fat cells have a maximal size potential, which when exceeded may stimulate the formation of new fat cells
D) Individuals without a genetic predisposition to become obese will not develop this health problem

Question 8

Essential fat in males represents about percent of the body weight.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 9
D) 12

Question 9

Essential fat in females represents about percent of the body weight.

A) 3-6
B) 7-8
C) 9-11
D) 12-15

Question 10

The most highly successful regimen for the treatment of anorexia nervosa involves:

A) forced tube feeding and isolation from the family
B) the use of diuretics and lithium
C) therapy for the individual and the family and comprehensive medical care
D) dietary counseling on an out-patient basis
E) establish a binge syndrome

Question 11

All of the following statements about body composition are true, EXCEPT

A) subcutaneous fat separated by connective tissue into small compartments is popularly known as cellulite.
B) over fifty percent of total body fat is located just under the skin and is referred to as visceral fat.
C) technically, lean body mass actually does include a certain amount of essential fat.
D) bone gives structure to our body, as well as being involved in a variety of metabolic processes.

Question 12

Which of the following statements regarding android/gynoid obesity is false?

A) Gynoid obesity is associated with a higher incidence of certain diseases, such as hypertension
B) Android obesity is characterized by excess accumulation of fat deposits in the abdominal area
C) Android obesity is seen more often in men, while gynoid obesity is more prevalent in women
D) Gynoid type fat deposits are more resistant to weight loss compared to android obesity
E) Development of both types of obesity is influence by heredity

Question 13

The android type of obesity has

A) fat cells that are highly metabolically active, release fatty acids into the blood, and contribute to
Abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism.
B) been associated with an increased incidence of CHD in women and may increase the risk for breast cancer.
C) been associated with a cluster of symptoms, known as syndrome X, which are all risk factors for coronary heart disease.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

What method of assessment in body composition is now regarded as the "gold standard"?

A) Skinfold techniques
B) DEXA
C) Underwater weighing
D) The multicomponent model

Question 15

Regional fat distribution (the distribution of body fat such as the apple or pear shape), may have implications for the development of chronic diseases. Which two diseases may be associated with upper body or abdominal fat, the apple shape?

A) cancer and osteoporosis
B) gout and anemia
C) emphysema and cirrhosis of the kidney
D) schizophrenia and apoplexy
E) heart disease and diabetes

Question 16

Creeping obesity is caused by

A) an increased consumption of Calories, in particular, dietary fat.
B) a decreased level of physical activity.
C) a genetic predisposition to obesity.
D) a combination of an increased consumption of Calories and a decreased level of physical activity.

Question 17

Bulimia nervosa involves a loss of control over the impulse to binge. Which of the following is NOT true of this disorder?

A) Recurrent episodes of binge eating, at least once a week for a month, indicate bulimia to be a consideration
B) Bulimia is less common than anorexia nervosa
C) Serious adverse health effects from bulimia are common
D) Prozac has recently been approved for use in treating this disease

Question 18

Which of the following statements is correctly associated with obesity in children and adolescents?

A) Obese adolescents are at a greater risk in adulthood for all-cause mortality than their nonobese peers
B)Most of the major adverse health effects of excess body fat during childhood appear to be medical, rather than social and psychological
C) Cardiovascular disease is the primary concern for obese children, with social and psychological
Effects of the condition being secondary factors
D) Fifty percent of adolescents and children in the U.S. are carrying too much body fat for optimal health

Question 19

Which of the following may be involved in influencing the food intake?

A) A thermostat in the hypothalamus may respond to change in body temperature and influence the feeding center.
B) Stimulation of the senses may influence our appetite.
C) The glucostatic, lipostatic, and aminostatic theories are based on the proposition that certain
Receptors in the body monitor blood levels of various nutrients.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

The "settling point" theory

A) suggests that the set point theory is no longer valid.
B) indicates that a chronic high-fat diet may modify our genes causing a decrease in leptin resistance.
C) is in direct opposition to the set point theory.
D) is supported by comparing the Pima Indians living in the United States with those living in Mexico.

Question 21

Which of the following groups of individuals has the lowest hazard ratio for heart failure?

A) Obese, inactive
B) Overweight, active
C) Lean, inactive
D) Lean, active
E) Overweight, inactive

Question 22

Which of the following adipokines is anti-inflammatory rather than pro-inflammatory?

A) Resistin
B) Tissue necrosis factor (TNF)
C) Adiponectin
D) Visfatin
E) All the above are pro-inflammatory

Question 23

Anorexia nervosa is best defined as

A) compulsive eating
B) death wish
C) self-imposed starvation
D) the binge-purge syndrome
E) hypernervousness

Question 24

Which of the following statements regarding the use of drugs or herbal supplements for weight control is FALSE?

A) Some drugs function to depress the appetite by affecting various neurotransmitters in the brain
B) The FDA recommends that weight-loss drugs should be used only on a short-term basis
C) Some drugs function to stimulate thermogenesis, increasing energy expenditure D Substantial research has shown that over-the-counter herbal weight loss supplements are effective
) for inducing and maintaining long-term weight loss
E) Some drugs function to help prevent the absorption of dietary fat by the intestines

Question 25

When your stomach is empty, which of the following most likely happens?

A) leptin is released and stimulates the hypothalamic satiety center
B) neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibits the hypothalamic hunger center
C) insulin is secreted and stimulates the liver to release glucose
D) ghrelin is released and stimulates the hypothalamic hunger center
E) epinephrine is released and stimulates synthesis of fat in the adipose cells

Question 26

According to several major reviews of the relationship between fitness and fatness and mortality from cardiovascular disease and other causes, which group of individuals had the lowest mortality rate?

A) Fit and fat
B) Fit and unfat
C) Unfit and fat
D) Unfit and unfit

Question 27

Waist circumference is an important factor in the prediction of health risks associated with excess body weight, often referred to as the metabolic syndrome. All of the following, EXCEPT which, are components of the metabolic syndrome?

A) Elevated fasting blood sugar
B) Elevated HDL-cholesterol
C) Elevated serum triglycerides
D) Elevated systolic blood pressure
E) Elevated small, dense LDL-cholesterol

Question 28

If a skinfold technique for body composition has a standard error of estimate of 2%, you can have about a 70% confidence that for a person who has a predicted body fat of 20%, the actual value is within a range of

A) 16-24%
B) 14-20%
C) 18-22%
D) 22-26%
E) 14-26%

Question 29

Which cells in the body secrete leptin?

A) stomach
B) liver
C) adipose
D) intestines
E) pancreas

Question 30

Which body tissue has the greatest density in grams per cubic centimeter?

A) body water
B) muscle tissue
C) bone tissue
D) adipose tissue
E) liver tissue

Question 31

When glucose consumption is in excess of body needs and liver and glycogen stores, the excess glucose is:

A) not absorbed from the small intestine
B) excreted in the feces
C) stored as blood glucose
D) totally excreted by the kidneys
E) converted to and stored as fat

Question 32

Increased body weight, provided it is of the right composition, may be advantageous to some
athletes.

Question 33

Since obesity apparently has many causes, even in a single individual, the best attack on the problem seems to be:

A) fasting
B) prevention
C) genetic counseling
D) diet pills
E) diuretics

Question 34

Although there is error associated with the prediction of body fat percentages from all measurement techniques currently being used in most fitness facilities and research laboratories, which of the following is believed to be the most accurate measure of body composition, i.e., body fat and lean body mass?

A) skinfold technique using the sum of 7 skinfolds
B) multicomponent technique using several methods
C) determination of the body mass index, or BMI
D) use of the body circumference technique
E) bioelectrical impedance analysis for body water determination

Question 35

The disorder of bulimia nervosa, which is often characterized by the binge-purge syndrome, is found

A) only in those with anorexia nervosa
B) only in extremely underweight individuals
C) only in normal weight individuals
D) only in moderately or morbidly obese individuals
E) in individuals across the body weight spectrum

Question 36

Research has revealed that 40 percent of adult men and 55 percent of adult women are satisfied with their current body weight.

Question 37

Which of the following is mainly an environmental rather than a possible heredity factor in the multicausal etiology of obesity?

A) a sedentary life-style
B) hormonal imbalance
C) disorder in the brain's hunger and satiety centers
D) lower basal metabolic rate
E) a higher "set point"

Question 38

The average adult body weight is approximately 70 percent water.

Question 39

Excess body fat would be least detrimental to performance in which of the following athletes?

A) an ultraendurance swimmer
B) distance runner
C) ballet dancer
D) high jumper
E) 400-meter runner

Question 40

Protein consumed during a starvation-type diet most likely will be:

A) used to rebuild muscle tissue
B) used to replace worn out cells
C) converted to glucose for energy
D) used to stabilize fluid balance
E) stored as fat

Question 41

Regional fat distribution may be associated with several major health problems.

Question 42

The detrimental effects of obesity, which may lead to the development of chronic diseases, occur
when obesity persists for ten years or more and then may shorten life by as much as four years.

Question 43

Research evidence clearly indicates that watching TV may be the key factor that contributes to
obesity.

Question 44

The hunger center and satiety center are located in the medulla.

Question 45

Very-low-Calorie diets are very successful in long-term maintenance of weight loss.

Question 46

Individuals who have a Body Mass Index greater than 30 are classified as obese and this is always an
indication that they have too much fat on their body.

Question 47

The human body is governed by the laws of thermodynamics, thus a negative energy balance causes
loss in body weight.

Question 48

Leptin is a regulating hormone derived from body fat and inhibits the production of neuropeptide Y, a
potent stimulant of food intake.

Question 49

Gynoid-type fat cells do not appear to contribute to health risks as greatly as those associated with
android obesity.

Question 50

Bioelectrical impedance analysis is based on the principle of resistance to an electric current, with the
less the recorded resistance, the greater the water content, and hence the greater the body density.

Question 51

Quetelet's Index differs from the Body Mass Index, another height-weight relationship, because it
maintains a range of 25-30 to be normal.

Question 52

The vast majority of the energy that is expended by the body on a daily basis is accounted for by the
basal metabolic rate.

Question 53

Heredity and environmental factors both contribute to obesity, thus in some instances an individual is
not capable of achieving and maintaining a desirable body weight.

Question 54

Very low-Calorie diets or modified fasts are generally regarded as unsafe and should not be utilized as
a weight-loss program.

Question 55

Android-type body figure appears to be more resistant to change than gynoid-type figure.

Question 56

Weight cycling and its effect on behavior, metabolism, and health is a controversial issue and further
research is needed.

Question 57

The set-point theory of weight control proposes that adaptive thermogenesis is a physiological
adjustment that will return you to normal if you start to deviate from your set point.

Question 58

Both dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and infrared interactance use only one measurement to
evaluate body fat, fat-free mass, and bone tissue and appear to be more effective than underwater weighing.

Question 59

The main culprit in the diet that leads to obesity is excess consumption of carbohydrates.

Question 60

Underwater weighing and body plethysmography are direct methods of analyzing body
composition.

Question 61

As recommended by several health agencies, the BMI is used as a screening tool to identify possible
weight problems for children as early as 2 years of age.

Question 62

In their position stand on nutrition for the athlete, the ADA, DC, and ACSM indicated that the
prediction accuracy of BIA is similar to skinfold assessment, but BIA may be preferable because it does not require the technical skill associated with skinfold measurements.

Question 63

Once fat cells are formed, the number seems to remain fixed even if weight is lost.

Question 64

In general, researchers indicate that genes that affect energy balance in the body appear to be very efficient as a means to promote energy intake and weight gain, but relatively inefficient to promote energy expenditure and weight loss.

Question 65

The built environment is one of the new concepts theorized to be a contributing factor to obesity. One
example of the built environment is temperature control in our home and workplace, which reduces the effects that hot and cold environmental temperatures may have on our energy intake and energy expenditure.

Question 66

In general, if hypoglycemia, dehydration, and excessive loss of lean muscle mass can be avoided,
physical performance need not deteriorate on weight-loss programs.

Question 67

Although exercise is advocated as a means to prevent osteoporosis, it will counteract the adverse effects associated with decreased estrogen levels when it is a result of athletic amenorrhea.

Question 68

In some instances, extra body fat may actually be beneficial to the human body.

Question 69

A variety of complications may result from the improper use of VLCDs including fatigue, kidney
stones, impaired phagocytic function, inflammation of the intestines, low blood pressure, and even death.

Question 70

When considering weight loss, the ultimate effect upon performance may be dependent upon the
technique used and the time over which the weight is lost.

Question 71

Some research suggests that adiponectin may affect dopaminergic neurons in the brain, possibly
increasing secretion of dopamine, which induces sensations of pleasure that may be involved in long- term regulation of body weight.

Question 72

As the BMI increases, the odds ratio (OR) for premature death decreases.