Deck 13: Food Drugs and Related Supplements

Question 1

Which one of the following allegations regarding alcohol is NOT accurate?

A) There is no evidence that alcohol can substitute for other fat sources in the body
B) Alcohol may reduce gluconeogenesis by the liver and glucose uptake by the legs during the latter stages of exercise
C) Alcohol ingestion may decrease urine production by decreasing release of the anti-diuretic hormone
D) Research does not support the use of alcohol in sports involving perceptual-motor activities

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Supplements such as dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione are termed because they are precursors for testosterone and are thus theorized to increase muscle mass and decrease body fat.

A) prohormones
B) None of the answers are correct.
C) cohormones
D) semihormones

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Research supports that appears to be an effective ergogenic aid.

A) ginseng
B) ciwujia
C) Eleutherococcus senticosus
D) caffeine

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Regarding the effect of caffeine on exercise performance, a review of the available research suggests

A) caffeine ingestion increases epinephrine levels during exercise and may exert a stimulating psychological effect.
B) the perception of effort during exercise is heightened and thereby improves performance.
C) abstaining from caffeine for 2-4 days prior to competition heightens the effect of caffeine when taken.
D) caffeine may raise serum free fatty acids levels at rest just before exercise and increase the use of fat as an energy source during exercise.

Question 5

Which of the following contains the most alcohol per standard serving size?

A) Beer
B) Wine
C) Hard liquor
D) They all contain approximately the same amount per typical serving

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the action of ginseng in the body?

A) There is research suggesting ginseng use improves physical performance in humans
B) It is most effective in assisting with sleep and gastrointestinal disorders
C) It acts as an immune depressant and may influence the development of cancers
D) It is believed to influence neural and hormonal activity in the body

Question 7

The "proof" is a measure of the alcohol content in the beverage and is

A) double the percentage.
B) half the percentage.
C) equal to the percentage.
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following generalizations is acceptable when considering the impact of caffeine as a significant health risk?

A) There are no known cardiovascular problems associated with caffeine ingestion
B) Massive doses of caffeine may be fatal, while lesser amounts confer some possible health benefits
C) A moderate level of caffeine consumption would be about 600-800 milligrams per day
D) There is a proven link between caffeine and cancer

Question 9

Alcohol, when consumed in small amounts (one to two drinks),

A) greatly deteriorates physiological processes associated with maximal aerobic exercise.
B) has been shown to impair exercise performance on the following day.
C) may exert a paradoxical stimulation effect.
D) adversely affects accuracy in competition, such as pistol shooting and archery.

Question 10

Research regarding athletes using herbals as effective ergogenic aids

A) is extensive and provides conclusive evidence of their positive effects on performance.
B) is limited because much of what we know about the efficacy of herbal supplements is based on anecdotal data and poorly controlled studies.
C) has been relatively easy to do, since herbs are regulated as dietary supplements in the United States and are required to be standardized.
D) generally reports significant ergogenic effects with limited potential health risks.

Question 11

The standard dosage of sodium bicarbonate, based on kilogram body weight, is

A) 3,000 milligrams
B) 100 milligrams
C) 10 milligrams
D) 300 milligrams

Question 12

When one considers Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effects, research indicates all but which of the following?

A) Women who drink should abstain during the pregnancy
B) One to three beers or glasses of wine per day may help reduce emotional stress and will not affect the developing fetus
C) FAE children are easily distracted and have poor attention spans
D) No "safe" amount of alcohol during pregnancy has been determined

Question 13

Health problems associated with use of ephedra include all of the following EXCEPT

A) cardiac arrest and sudden death.
B) prolonged extreme elation.
C) psychosis and hallucinations.
D) suicidal ideation.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the use of hormones or drugs to gain body weight is true?

A) Testosterone is effective in increasing muscle mass, but not strength
B) The long-term health effects of anabolic steroid use are well known and documented
C) Anabolic/androgenic steroids may increase muscle mass and strength, but have been associated with
Medical problems, from the relatively minor acne to coronary heart disease
D) HGH has been shown to be effective in increasing muscle size and strength

Question 15

Of the following, which one is NOT a reported result of using sodium bicarbonate?

A) Sodium bicarbonate supplementation does appear to enhance performance in exercise tasks dependent upon the lactic acid energy system
B) Sodium bicarbonate supplementation has produced improvement in some aerobic endurance exercise tasks
C) The usual experimental protocol is to ingest a dosage of sodium bicarbonate immediately prior to the exercise task to get maximum benefits
D) Doses of sodium bicarbonate that are higher than recommended may cause gastrointestinal distress

Question 16

Which of the following medical problems related to anabolic/androgenic steroids have NOT been documented in recent research reviews?

A) Increased aggression, hostility and tendency to commit violent crimes
B) Decreased strength of tendons, contributing to the potential for rupture
C) Increased bone growth in children and adolescents
D) Potentially irreversible appearance in females of secondary male sex characteristics

Question 17

Recent epidemiological research has shown that

A) light to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with increased mortality.
B) alcohol reduces the risk of heart disease by raising the levels of LDL cholesterol.
C) pigments in red wine contain polyphenols and other phytochemicals that may help increase coronary heart disease.
D) moderate alcohol should not be construed as "healthy alcohol use" and abstinence is generally recommended by health authorities for some individuals.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about dehydroepiandrosterone or Androstenedione?

A) Use of Androstenendione is associated with increased health risks such as impaired lipid metabolism, decreased HDL cholesterol, testicular shrinkage and infertility
B) High serum dehydroepiandrosterone levels have been associated with several health risks, including cancer
C) Studies showed no significant effects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on serum testosterone levels, lean body mass or muscular strength in middle-aged or young men involved in resistance training
D) Androstenedione intake had no significant increase on serum testosterone concentration in young women

Question 19

Surveys indicate that approximately of boys and of girls have used anabolic/androgenic steroids.

A) 0-1% and 4-5%
B) 2-3% and 3-4%
C) 3-4% and 2-3%
D) 4-6% and 1-2%

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a function of caffeine?

A) Caffeine functions as a stimulant of the central nervous system and stimulates heart function and blood circulation.
B) In conjunction with epinephrine, caffeine decreases the rate of muscle and liver glycogen breakdown.
C) Caffeine increases alertness and a feeling of well-being.
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 21

About how many milligrams of caffeine are in an 8-ounce cup of instant coffee?

A) 25-30
B) 65-100
C) 1,000
D) 300-400
E) 500-600

Question 22

Which of the following statements regarding the use of anabolic/androgenic steroids (AAS) is FALSE?

A) Although research indicates that AAS will increase muscle size, no studies have found improvement in muscle strength
B) There are some approved medical applications of AAS,
C) Athletes as young as middle school students (age 9-13) have been reported to use AAS as a means to enhance sport performance
D) AAS are a class of drugs designed to mimic the effects of testosterone, but maximizing the anabolic effects and minimizing the androgenic effects
E) Use of AAS over prolonged periods has been associated with numerous health risks, including increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 23

As a potential ergogenic aid, sodium bicarbonate would be most likely suited to which type of athlete?

A) gymnastic event such as the high bar
B) archery
C) marathon runner
D) 100 meter dash
E) 400 meter run

Question 24

Which of the following statements regarding the use of prohormone dietary supplements, such as androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, is FALSE?

A) Almost all studies show that dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione increase muscle mass, muscular strength, and muscular power
B) Use of anabolic prohormones has been prohibited by most athletic governing organizations, such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
C) Although previously marketed as dietary supplements, these prohormones have been classified as controlled drugs, similar to the anabolic/androgenic steroids
D) DHEA and androstenedione may be converted to testosterone following ingestion E Although these prohormones have been marketed as dietary supplements and presumed to be safe,
) they may actually pose some health risks, such as lowering of HDL-cholesterol (the good cholesterol)

Question 25

According to substantial research, which of the following herbal sport supplements has been shown to be very effective as a means to enhance aerobic endurance exercise performance?

A) Ginseng
B) Rpigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)
C) Rhodiola rosea
D) Yohimbine
E) None of the above

Question 26

Alcohol has been effective as a means to improve performance due to its utilization as an energy source during
exercise.

Question 27

Based on current research findings, the most likely factor underlying the ergogenic effect of caffeine during exercise is its

A) effect to increase fatty acid oxidation
B) effect to stimulate the nervous system
C) effect to prevent dehydration
D) effect to increase red blood cells and hemoglobin
E) effect to spare use of muscle glycogen

Question 28

Which of the following dietary supplements marketed to strength-trained individuals are precursors, or prohormones, for testosterone?

A) androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone
B) gamma oryzanol and ginseng
C) HMB and tribulus terrestris
D) creatine and conjugated linoleic acid
E) carnitine and chromium

Question 29

Being successful in sports is dependent on much more than just genetic endowment.

Question 30

Increasing research suggests that moderate alcohol consumption, or "low risk" drinking, may reduce the risk of cardiovascular heart disease and all-cause mortality. All of the following, except which, are hypothesized to contribute to this reduced risk?

A) increased blood flow to the brain
B) decreased platelet aggregability (decreased possibility of blood clots)
C) a relaxation effect and reduced anxiety
D) a direct toxic effect to kill cancer cells
E) an increase in HDL-cholesterol

Question 31

Which of the following has been shown to have a possible ergogenic effect on muscle size and strength?

A) Ginseng
B) Anabolic/androgenic steroids
C) Human growth hormone
D) Chromium
E) Ornithine

Question 32

Ethyl alcohol is normally classified as a psychoactive drug or nutrient.

Question 33

Research generally supports the theory that caffeine may enhance performance in long distance endurance events. Which of the following is the LEAST likely hypothesis?

A) it may exert a direct effect on the muscles to increase muscle contractile force
B) it stimulates the release of epinephrine from the adrenal gland
C) it decreases the use of both free fatty acids and muscle glycogen
D) it may exert a psychological stimulating effect
E) it may decrease the perception of effort during exercise

Question 34

Which of the following dietary supplements has the most research supporting its potential to help increase muscle mass and weight gain during a resistance-training program?

A) Carnitine
B) Ginseng
C) Creatine
D) Ribose
E) Glucosamine/chondroitin

Question 35

Although caffeine is generally regarded to be a relatively safe drug when consumed in moderate amounts, research suggests one of the following may be a health risk associated with caffeine intake via coffee or tea.

A) Increased risk of cognitive decline
B) Increased risk of coronary heart disease
C) Increased risk of diabetes
D) Increased risk of high blood pressure
E) Increased risk of asthma

Question 36

For an average size male adult (150 pounds), the consumption of four (4) drinks within a very short period of time would elevate the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to about what level.

A) 0.15
B) 0.05
C) 0.10
D) 0.02
E) 0.01

Question 37

Caffeine may be classified as a

A) food ingredient
B) dietary supplement
C) drug
D) stimulant
E) all of the above

Question 38

An 8-ounce cup of perked coffee contains about how much caffeine?

A) 40-60 mg
B) 400-500 mg
C) 80-135 mg
D) 10-20 mg
E) 280-300 mg

Question 39

Although research indicates caffeine may be an effective ergogenic aid for a variety of exercise endeavors, research is least supportive of its ergogenic effect on which of the following?

A) aerobic endurance exercise
B) muscular strength
C) high-intensity intermittent exercise
D) a and c
E) b and c

Question 40

Which of the following is not a physiological effect of caffeine?

A) stimulates the central nervous system
B) increase the release of calcium ions in the muscle cell
C) decreases the metabolic rate
D) increases heart rate and force of contraction
E) increases the secretion of epinephrine

Question 41

Caffeine has been banned by the International Olympic Committee in the past but has now been removed from
the list of stimulants prohibited for use by athletes.

Question 42

A 6-ounce cup of perked coffee contains an average range of 200-300 milligrams of caffeine.

Question 43

The most immediate effects of alcohol are on the brain, thus, the damage to the central nervous system is the
only significant health hazard.

Question 44

Laboratory research has shown that alcohol ingestion can damage DNA at levels as low as 1-2 drinks.

Question 45

Consumption of 2 drinks per day for men and 1 drink per day for women is unlikely to increase health risks.

Question 46

Testosterone has been shown to increase strength even without resistance training.

Question 47

In some early research, caffeine ingestion prior to exercise has been shown to exert a glycogen-sparing
effect.

Question 48

Athletes will not incur detrimental fluid-electrolyte imbalances if they consume caffeinated beverages in
moderation and eat a typical diet.

Question 49

The type and amount of ginsenosides present are strictly regulated among the different forms of ginseng.

Question 50

Caffeine supplementation may be an effective ergogenic for a variety of exercise tests.

Question 51

Alcohol has a causal relationship with over 60 medical conditions and it is a major public health concern.

Question 52

Ephedra has joined the list of substances banned by the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-
Doping Agency for use during competition and training.

Question 53

Several years after discontinuing usage, strength athletes who used anabolic/androgenic steroids are back to
relatively normal risk for heart attack.

Question 54

Classified as an addictive drug, caffeine dependence is considered a serious form of drug abuse by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Question 55

Avoiding drinking milk or eating calcium-rich foods is highly recommended if you drink caffeinated beverages.

Question 56

Anabolic/androgenic steroids are classified as experimental substances so unlawful purchase and/or distribution is subject to minor penalties.

Question 57

The actual content of ephedrine may vary from that stated on the label because product inconsistency is
common.

Question 58

Caffeine withdrawal has a significant effect on performance.

Question 59

The main reason to use sodium bicarbonate is to help buffer the lactic acid produced when the lactic acid
energy system is utilized.

Question 60

Human growth hormone has been associated with many adverse side effects, with long-term health risks very
well known.

Question 61

Use of caffeine supplementation in attempts to enhance sport performance is prohibited by the World Anti-
Doping Agency.

Question 62

Recent research suggests that there is a causal relationship between alcohol and arrhythmias, as well as
sudden cardiac death.

Question 63

Studies conducted with commercial herbal-based sports supplements generally report no significant ergogenic
effects.

Question 64

4 ounces of wine contain the same amount of Calories as 1.25 ounces of 80-proof liquor.

Question 65

There is a positive correlation between drinking a large quantity of alcohol daily over several years (5 or more)
and the onset of cirrhosis and its impact of nutrients metabolism.

Question 66

Most studies indicate human growth hormone has been shown to have an ergogenic effect on muscle size,
strength and power in both young and older men.

Question 67

Numerous research studies with the dietary supplements dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione (andro) have shown these products are effective as a means to increase serum testosterone levels and stimulate gains in muscle mass, strength and power.

Question 68

Recent estimates indicate 30 percent all automobile-crash fatalities are alcohol related.

Question 69

In addition to the health risks associated with anabolic steroids, chemical analysis has revealed some
potentially hazardous constituents in these "homemade" drugs.

Question 70

Recent position stands by both the International Society of Sports Nutrition and the American College of Sports
Medicine conclude that caffeine supplementation may help enhance aerobic endurance performance.

Question 71

Available laboratory research with human growth hormone supports the theory that supplementation will
increase muscle mass, strength and power in young adult male athletes.

Question 72

The caffeine content in energy drinks may vary tremendously, with some containing about 500 milligrams per
serving.

Question 73

Individuals who desire to experiment with long-term ginseng supplementation should consult with their
physicians because ginseng may exacerbate various health problems.

Question 74

Some sports scientists contend that optimizing nutritional strategies for athletes is a key to preventing use and
abuse of anabolic/androgenic drugs in sport.

Question 75

Which of the following alcoholic beverages contain the highest Calorie amount?

A) Light beer
B) Wine
C) Alcoholic energy drink.
D) Regular Beer

Question 76

Decaffeinated coffee is caffeine-free.

Question 77

Research suggests that alcohol activates the dopamine system, an important part of the brain reward system,
and the positive psychological effects may reinforce the desire to continue to consume alcohol and lead to addiction.

Question 78

Numerous research studies and reviews conclude that caffeine intake prior to exercise in hot environmental
conditions will increase body heat production, impair sweat production, and impair endurance exercise performance

Question 79

The World Health Organization, in its recent Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, reported that the harmful use of alcohol results in the death of 2.5 million people annually.

Question 80

Research findings regarding adverse health effects during pregnancy are equivocal, and thus moderation of or abstinence from caffeine consumption during pregnancy may be a prudent behavior.