Deck 9: Water, Electrolytes and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

The normal rectal temperature at rest is about the oral temperature.

A) 0.5-1.0º F lower than
B) the same as
C) 0.5-1.0º F higher than
D) 1.5-2.5º F higher than

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding water in the human body?

A) It contains some food energy and enables the utilization of most of the other nutrients essential to life
B) It provides the medium within which other nutrients function and regulates body temperature
C) It constitutes the majority of body weight, thus, rapid losses through dehydration may prove fatal in a relatively short time
D)The combination of environmental heat and increased heat from exercise metabolism may disturb
Body-water supplies, electrolyte status, and temperature regulations

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is the key factor(s) or predictor(s) associated with exertional heat illness?

A) Gender and age of the individual
B) Previous history of heat injury
C) Body composition and degree of obesity
D) Physical fitness of the individual

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Rehydration

A) is the least effective technique to enhance performance.
B) is not a recommended technique for the sport of wrestling.
C) reduces stress on the cardiovascular system by minimizing the reduction in blood volume.
D) reduces stress on the water balance in the blood, but will not minimize the rise in the core temperature.

Question 5

Exercise in the heat, such as running a 10K race. Which of the following, if any, is likely to hamper temperature regulation during the event?

A) plain water
B) 5-7 percent glucose solution
C) Glucose polymer solution of 6-8 percent
D) there appears to be no difference among these different forms of hydration techniques relative to temperature regulation

Question 6

How much water is necessary per day to maintain adequate water balance in the average adult?

A) 1 quart
B) 2-3 quarts
C) 1 liter
D) 2 milliliters per Calorie of energy intake

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true concerning exercise and hypertension?

A) Exercise may exert a beneficial effect in reducing high blood pressure as it is a means to lose excess body fat
B) All individuals will experience a decrease in blood pressure from an approved exercise program
C)Isometric exercises, weight lifting, pull-ups, and other high-intensity aerobic exercise should be
Avoided by all hypertensive individuals as they create a physiological response that rapidly raises blood pressure
D) The exact role of exercise, as an independent factor in lowering blood pressure, has not been totally resolved

Question 8

Hyperhydration, also known as superhydration,

A) is an attempt to assure that the body-water level is high before exercising in a hot environment.
B) is more effective than rehydration and will reduce the effects of heat stress on the core temperature.
C) can be easily accomplished by simply consuming 8 ounces of cold water about 90-120 minutes before exercising.
D) can delay the effects of dehydration, but research suggests that it has no effect on prolonged endurance.

Question 9

Acclimatization to the heat will increase performance in warm environments. Which of the following statements is true concerning this technique?

A) Cutback on the intensity or duration of your normal activity and then increase it gradually
B) The process usually takes from one to two weeks to complete, but is lost in about seven to ten days in a cool environment
C)The changes associated with acclimatization increase the ability of the body to dissipate heat with less stress on the cardiovascular system
D) All of these answers are correct when discussing acclimatization

Question 10

Sodium is a mineral element and is one of the principle positive ions. Sodium

A) serves primarily to help maintain normal body-fluid balance and osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluids.
B) is solely responsible for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.
C) is found in rather small amounts in most natural foods, thus, deficiency states due to inadequate dietary intake are common. D concentration may decrease in the blood; if this occurs, ADH, produced in the adrenal gland, will
) stimulate the kidney to return additional sodium.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT true when considering salt or potassium supplements?

A) Salt tablets should be taken only if substantial amounts of weight are lost via sweat during workouts
B) A slight increase of sodium is recommended for an individual not acclimated to the heat
C)Salt tablets should be taken only if the athlete needs to drink more than 5 liters of fluid per day to replace that lost during sweating
D) Excessive potassium may be lethal, as it can disturb the electric rhythm of the heart

Question 12

The human body temperature may be influenced in which of the following ways?

A) Infectious disease might decrease heat production
B) Body heat is transported from the core to the shell by convection and radiation
C) The autonomic division of the central nervous system controls the body temperature
D) The heat balance equation shows that evaporation may or may not add to the loss of heat from the body

Question 13

Water is stored in several body compartments,

A) with 80 percent stored inside the body cells as intracellular water, and the remaining 20 percent
Stored outside the cells as extracellular water.
B) with obese individuals having a percentage as high as 70 percent, since fat tissue is high in water content.
C) plus the metabolism of 350 grams of carbohydrates during exercise will provide nearly .5 liters of water for body functions.
D) and is attracted by sodium, both in the extracellular fluid and the circulatory system.

Question 14

Skin wetting techniques

A) have been shown to decrease sweat loss and cause major reductions in core temperature.
B) may be potentially harmful for the psychological sense of relief that they produce.
C) have been the topic of much research and it appears that both scientists and athletes are in agreement on their usefulness.
D) may not actually help the athlete, but also pose no danger to the athlete.

Question 15

What is the term used to describe the process where heat is transferred by movement of air or water over the body?

A) Conduction
B) Convection
C) Radiation
D) Evaporation

Question 16

Which of the following dietary modifications may help reduce or prevent hypertension?

A) Follow the recommended upper limit of 10 grams of salt per day
B) Salt restriction in the diet is definitely beneficial for normotensive individuals
C) Fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure in normotensive adults, but fails to do the same for hypertensive adults
D)Although moderate alcohol consumption confers some health benefits, excess alcohol intake is linked to high blood pressure

Question 17

A high relative humidity and sunshine hinder heat loss from the body by their adverse effects on the body, respectively, as:

A) increased condensation and radiation
B) increased convection and radiation
C) decreased evaporation and increased radiation
D) decreased condensation and decreased radiation
E) increased evaporation and increased convection

Question 18

Intestinal absorption of water is

A) enhanced when glucose and sodium are also present.
B) enhanced when only a single form of carbohydrate is present.
C) enhanced if high intensity exercise accompanies it.
D) regulated by the body at a constant rate of 80-90 percent in 15-20 minutes.

Question 19

Gastric emptying is

A) adversely affected by fluids with less than an 8 percent concentration of carbohydrates.
B) generally enhanced by fluids with a higher osmolality.
C) affected greatly by the volume of fluid ingested.
D) enhanced by ingesting warm fluids rapidly.

Question 20

Body water is regulated

A) by osmolality, which is only affected by decreased electrolyte levels.
B) by osmolality, with tonicity having a primary role in its functioning.
C) to a certain extent by osmoreceptors located in the pituitary gland, which are sensitive to changes in osmotic pressure.
D) to a certain extent by the antidiuretic hormone which is released from the hypothalamus and directs
The kidneys to reabsorb more water.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about sweat is FALSE?

A) it is hypertonic compared to body fluids
B) the most abundant electrolytes in it are sodium and chloride
C) it is primarily water
D) it contains trace minerals like iron and zinc
E) it contains small amounts of protein, nitrogen, and water soluble vitamins

Question 22

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) the maximal sweat rate appears to be about 2-3 liters per hour
B) dehydration as low as 2% of the body weight may lead to a decrease in aerobic endurance
C) individual rate of sweat loss can be measured by body weight changes from an exercise bout
D) sweat is mainly water
E) the major minerals found in sweat are calcium and potassium

Question 23

Which of the following does not occur following acclimatization to exercise in the heat?

A) increased sweat production during exercise
B) increased blood volume
C) a lower rise in the core temperature during exercise
D) a lesser rise in the heart rate response to exercise
E) an increased sodium loss in each liter of sweat

Question 24

Which of the following foods is usually high in sodium?

A) milk
B) fruit
C) canned vegetable
D) meat
E) starch/bread

Question 25

If one liter of sweat would evaporate from the skin, approximately how many kilocalories of heat energy would be removed from the body?

A) 0-100
B) 150-200
C) 350-400
D) 550-600
E) 1,000

Question 26

The national High Blood Pressure Education Program classification system for blood pressure of adults 18 years of age and older has various categories, including normal, pre-hypertension, and hypertension; which values are the minimum levels for stage 1 of hypertension? The values listed are systolic and diastolic.

A) 130 and 80
B) 130 and 90
C) 140 and 90
D) 160 and 100
E) 210 and 120

Question 27

Excessive loss of sweat during exercise in the heat will lead to a body condition known as

A) hyperhydration
B) hypohydration
C) homeostasis
D) normohydration
E) hyponatremia

Question 28

The recommended means to replenish lost electrolytes through sweat on a day-to-day basis is via:

A) salt tablets
B) potassium supplements
C) GES such as Gatorade
D) vitamin tablets
E) a balanced diet and adequate fluids

Question 29

Headache, disorientation, and a rectal temperature above 105-106 degrees are clinical findings of:

A) heat cramps
B) heat syncope
C) heat exhaustion
D) heat urticaria
E) heat stroke

Question 30

In susceptible persons, high blood pressure may be associated with prolonged excessive intake of:

A) potassium
B) magnesium
C) iron
D) vitamin A
E) sodium

Question 31

Which of the following statements is FALSE relative to exercise in attempts to prevent heat illnesses?

A) exercise in the cool of the morning or evening
B) hyperhydrate before and rehydrate during exercise
C) consume high protein foods to hold more body water
D) slow your pace and decrease the duration under hot environmental conditions
E) dizziness and weakness are symptoms of heat exhaustion and mandate that you stop exercising

Question 32

During exercise, approximately what percent of the energy produced is released as heat in the body?

A) 0-10
B) 30-40
C) 50-60
D) 75-80
E) 90-100

Question 33

An athlete loses 2 kilograms of bodyweight during a training session. What volume of fluid should be consumed to replace the amount of fluid lost?

A) 1 liter
B) 2 liters
C) 3 liters
D) 4 liters
E) 6 liters

Question 34

Which hormone helps in the conservation of body water?

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) insulin
C) epinephrine
D) vitamin D
E) testosterone

Question 35

Body sodium levels are largely regulated through:

A) changes in intestinal absorption, depending on need
B) changes in fecal excretion
C) storage of excess sodium in the liver
D) excretion or absorption by the kidney

Question 36

Which of the following is not one of the physical means whereby heat is lost from the human body?

A) sweating
B) conduction
C) radiation
D) convection

Question 37

Which of the following statements relative to exercise and body temperature is FALSE?

A) exercise can produce significant amounts of heat, but the body temperature is usually regulated quite effectively
B) sweat is mainly water and its evaporation is the main means of temperature regulation when exercising in the heat
C) rehydration with cold water appears to be an effective technique to help reduce the rise in body temperature during exercise
D) electrolyte replacement is generally not needed during exercise itself E if an equal amount of fluid is consumed, carbohydrate solutions are more effective than plain water
) as a means to control body temperature during short-term exercise

Question 38

Recommendations for fluid intake during exercise, according to the American College of Sports Medicine include:

A) 20-30 mEq of sodium
B) 60-100 mEq of sodium
C) 10-20 mEq of potassium
D) 25-50 mEq of potassium

Question 39

The body content is approximately what percentage of water?

A) 10-150
B) 20-25
C) 30-40
D) 50-60
E) 80-90

Question 40

The most potentially dangerous heat illness is:

A) heat cramps
B) heat syncope
C) heat exhaustion
D) heat urticaria
E) heat stroke

Question 41

The apocrine sweat glands are primarily involved in temperature regulation.

Question 42

Dehydration may be voluntary or involuntary.

Question 43

If an individual was exercising at an exercise intensity of 1.5 liters of oxygen per minute, and had a mechanical efficiency of 20 percent, how many heat Calories would this person generate in 30 minutes?

A) 600
B) 100
C) 180
D) 225
E) 120

Question 44

Calculate the increase in the body temperature, in degrees Celsius, that would occur if an individual was unable to dissipate heat and was exercising at an intensity of 3 liters of oxygen per minute for 20 minutes. The athlete weighs 60 kg, her mechanical efficiency is 20 percent, and the specific heat of her body is 0.83.

A) 2.2
B) 4.8
C) 10.2
D) 6.0
E) 9.4

Question 45

An electrolyte is a substance that, in solution, conducts an electric current and usually dissociates into ions, particles carrying either a negative or a positive electric charge.

Question 46

All homeostatic mechanisms work by a series of feedback devices.

Question 47

Body temperature refers to the internal, or core temperature, and not the external shell
temperature.

Question 48

Water is the most important nutrient in the chemistry and functioning of living forms.

Question 49

Normal body water level is normohydration, while loss of body water results in hyperhydration.

Question 50

Which of the following statements regarding hyponatremia during exercise is FALSE?

A) it is more common in faster runners who complete marathons in 3 hours or less
B) it is more common in females than in males
C) it is more common in heat-unacclimatized than heat-acclimatized individuals
D) it is more common in individuals who consume excessive amounts of plain water before, during and after exercise
E) it is more common in individuals with high sweat sodium concentrations

Question 51

The amount of ingested fluid that enters the circulatory system depends upon two factors: gastric absorption and intestinal absorption.

Question 52

Oral rehydration therapy was developed by medical scientists to decrease mortality from diarrhea, but
as yet has produced no application for sports activities.

Question 53

Insensible perspiration is the major source of sodium chloride loss in the body and accounts for
approximately 30 percent of body water loss.

Question 54

During acute, moderate duration bouts of exercise, such as a 10-kilometer run, electrolyte deficiency
is a concern.

Question 55

If an individual generated 1,160 heat Calories while exercising for two hours, how much sweat would need to evaporate in order to prevent any change in body temperature?

A) 290 milliliters
B) 580 milliliters
C) 760 milliliters
D) 1,000 milliliters
E) 2,000 milliliters

Question 56

Chloride is the major negative ion in the extra cellular fluids and works with sodium in the regulation
of body-water balance and electrical potentials across cell membranes.

Question 57

An obese individual will have a greater percentage of their weight as water compared to a muscular
individual.

Question 58

Hypothermia is one of the major factors limiting physical performance.

Question 59

After exercise, as compared to oral temperature recording, a rectal reading may be a more accurate
reflection of the true body temperature in an assessment of stored body heat.

Question 60

Which of the following is one of the general recommendations of the DASH diet plan to help prevent or treat high blood pressure (hypertension)?

A) achieve and maintain a healthy body weight with diet and aerobic exercise
B) reduce or moderate sodium intake
C) consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
D) do not consume alcohol in excess
E) all are recommended to help prevent or treat hypertension

Question 61

Since diuretics and beta-blockers are so effective in lowering blood pressure, these pharmacologic
approaches are often the best choice of treatment for moderate hypertension in endurance athletes.

Question 62

The three factors that contribute to heat injuries are increased core temperature, loss of body fluids,
and loss of electrolytes.

Question 63

An appropriate amount of carbohydrate in solution may maintain body temperatures as effectively as
water and may enhance endurance performance, as well.

Question 64

All individuals will experience a decrease in blood pressure from an aerobic exercise program.

Question 65

Young children are at a greater risk of developing a heat injury than adults.

Question 66

An electrolyte deficiency could impair physical performance; therefore, supplements, above normal
electrolyte nutrition enhance performance.

Question 67

Individuals who are sodium-sensitive experience an increase in blood pressure, possibly because
of a defect in sodium excretion by the kidney. Sodium accumulates in the body and holds fluids, particularly in the blood, thereby raising blood pressure.

Question 68

Two important determinants of blood pressure are the volume of blood in circulation and the
resistance to blood flow.

Question 69

Higher intensity exercise increases blood flow to the intestines, which will in all probability increase
absorption.

Question 70

Heat stroke or exertional heat stroke is the most dangerous heat injury.

Question 71

If an athlete weighs several pounds less from one morning to the next, it is likely that fluid
replenishment has been deficient.

Question 72

Glycerol supplementation is considered safe for diabetic athletes.

Question 73

During times of excessive stress, when circulation is attempting to regulate both body temperature and
blood pressure, control of blood pressure is impaired since body temperature regulation becomes a priority.

Question 74

Individuals who have experienced previous heat injury may have lost the ability for the circulatory
system to adjust to the heat stress, possibly because temperature-regulating centers in the brain have been irreversibly damaged.

Question 75

Magnesium supplementation has been shown to lower blood pressure.

Question 76

If one has been following a schedule of physical training, there should be no deterioration of exercise
performance when hot temperatures arrive, even by an unacclimatized individual.

Question 77

When you are exercising in the heat and sweating, the concentration of electrolytes in the blood and
other body fluids actually decreases.