Deck 6: Early Childhood

Question 1

When Andrew turns 3 years old, one can expect him to be ____ centimetres tall.

A) 85
B) 90
C) 96
D) 100

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Children begin to lose their 'baby teeth' around age ____.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Mehrak lives in Australia and weighs 108 centimetres. She is in good health and her paediatrician says she is developing at a normal pace. It is safe to say that Mehrak is around ____.

A) 3 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 5 years old
D) 6 years old

Answer 3

C

Question 4

____ in developing countries causes a considerably lower average for height and weight during early childhood.

A) Higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases
B) Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid
C) Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases
D) Higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid

Question 5

Layla is 3 years old. How many teeth would you expect her to have?

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 6

Your neighbour's daughter seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals. Her parents are worried about this and ask you. What would you tell her parents?

A) She is very likely to get cavities.
B) Sugar and starches are good for growing children.
C) Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development.
D) Most children today eat like this and it is not likely to be a problem.

Question 7

Increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to ____.

A) cerebral spinal fluid
B) the increase in blood volume
C) the number of neurons
D) dendritic connections and myelination

Question 8

Wealthier parents have children who weigh more and are taller because ____.

A) they can pay maids to feed their children
B) they have access to more nutritional foods
C) they allow their children to eat at fast-food restaurants
D) wealthier parents are generally genetically much taller

Question 9

Your brother is very impressed with his 4-year-old daughter's development, particularly in emotional regulation. He asks your opinion about his observations and you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to ____.

A) superior genetics
B) growth in her frontal lobe
C) superior parenting
D) the new preschool that she is now attending

Question 10

_____ lobe grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood.

A) The frontal
B) The parietal
C) The occipital
D) The temporal

Question 11

When Charlotte turns 5 years old, one can expect her to weigh ____kilograms.

A) 17
B) 16
C) 18
D) 19

Question 12

By age 3, the brain is about ____ of its adult weight, and by age 6 it is ____.

A) 50%; 70%
B) 60%; 80%
C) 70%; 90%
D) 80%; 100%

Question 13

Vladimir is 3 years old and preparing for his first dental visit. Beyond a routine cleaning, Vladimir may also be given ____.

A) Novocain for his incoming molars
B) a fluoride rinse and sealants
C) water that is fortified with calcium
D) teeth-whitening gum

Question 14

How many teeth does the average 3-year-old have?

A) 12
B) 20
C) 32
D) 40

Question 15

When Andrew turns 3 years old, one can expect him to weigh ____kilograms.

A) 13.1
B) 14.5
C) 12.7
D) 11.7

Question 16

Why are the average heights and weights of children in early childhood in developing countries considerably lower than developed countries?

A) Poor nutrition and diseases
B) Poor school lunches and poorly trained teachers
C) Children in developing countries are obese
D) Genetically the heights of these children are at maximum

Question 17

Compared to the average 4-year-old in Sweden, how tall is the average 6-year-old in Bangladesh?

A) Four times taller
B) Three times taller
C) Twice as tall
D) The same height

Question 18

From ages 3 to 6, the typical child grows about ____ centimetres per year and adds ____ kilograms.

A) 8; 2.7
B) 7; 2.0
C) 9; 3.2
D) 6; 1.5

Question 19

What percentage of 4-year-olds in New Zealand had experienced cavities or dental decay?

A) 5%
B) 7%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 20

During childhood, boys are slightly ____ than girls.

A) shorter and lighter
B) taller and heavier
C) fatter and smaller
D) more sympathetic and sensitive

Question 21

What is the percentage of malnutrition in children in developing countries?

A) 80%
B) 60%
C) 40%
D) 20%

Question 22

Your neighbour has a 5-year-old son. He has been taking him to story time at the library, but his son is having a very difficult time sitting still even for 10 minutes. What would you tell him about his son's brain development? He should be able to sit through the entire story time once what brain structure develops more fully?

A) Reticular formation
B) Hippocampus
C) Corpus callosum
D) Cerebellum

Question 23

____ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in developed countries.

A) Fluoride
B) Folic acid
C) Calcium
D) Iron

Question 24

You and your roommate are discussing your early childhoods. She is getting very frustrated because she cannot remember anything that happened to her before about age 2. She remembers stories that her parents told her about when she was younger, but she does not actually remember those memories herself. What would you tell her? The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is common and is referred to as ____.

A) brain damage
B) false memories
C) childhood forgetfulness
D) infantile amnesia

Question 25

Which of the following is a part of the brain that is involved in attention and is responsible for an increased attention span during early childhood?

A) Orbital cortex
B) Reticular formation
C) Limbic system
D) Cerebellum

Question 26

Which of the following elements is responsible for the growth of strong bones and teeth?

A) Calcium
B) Zinc
C) Fluoride
D) Potassium

Question 27

The ____ is a bundle of nerve fibres connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

A) corpus callosum
B) reticular formation
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 28

As the rate of physical growth ____ in early childhood, food consumption ____.

A) increases; grows as well
B) remains the same; is constant
C) slows down; diminishes as well
D) increases; slows down

Question 29

Four-year-old Heinz is getting much better at jumping, running, climbing and throwing a ball. It is clear that his ___ is developing.

A) hippocampus
B) reticular formation
C) temporal lobe
D) cerebellum

Question 30

____ is involved in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

A) The hippocampus
B) The reticular formation
C) The temporal lobe
D) The cerebellum

Question 31

Your 5-year-old son has not been eating a balanced diet lately even though you provide well-balanced meals for him. To get him to eat his vegetables, you tell him that if he eats all of his vegetables you will let him have his dessert. Although many parents in Australian culture bribe their children in this manner, what is the likely result?

A) Children learn to eat a balanced diet.
B) Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables.
C) Bribing children to eat their vegetables actually contributes to childhood obesity.
D) Children refuse to eat vegetables unless they get sweet treats before eating vegetables.

Question 32

On average, a 4- or 5-year-old child has an attention span of ____.

A) 1-2 minutes
B) 5-10 minutes
C) 10-15 minutes
D) 15-30 minutes

Question 33

According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that ____ of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients.

A) 40%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 100%

Question 34

_____ is the inability to remember anything prior to age 2.

A) Infantile amnesia
B) Childhood disease
C) Toddler amnesia
D) Baby amnesia

Question 35

Yvette was diagnosed with Lyme disease and is having difficulty with balance, walking a straight line and simple motor movements. Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing the above-mentioned symptoms?

A) The cerebellum
B) The reticular formation
C) The hippocampus
D) The corpus callosum

Question 36

Your 5-year-old daughter has really not eaten very much during the past couple of days. You are a bit worried, but after thinking about your developmental course, you remember that 5-year-old children ____.

A) rarely eat until their 6th birthday
B) sometimes do not really eat very much; she will probably be eating quite a bit tomorrow
C) experience serious changes in their taste buds during this time and might avoid eating
D) are likely sneaking in snacks between meals; you will need to watch her carefully

Question 37

As a result of children drinking more soft drinks, they are drinking ____.

A) less milk, which is contributing to calcium deficiencies
B) more fruit juice, which is very healthy
C) kinder beer, which contributes to alcoholism later in life
D) less fruit juice, which leads to vitamin deficiencies

Question 38

What proportion of 3-year-old children in New Zealand receive less than the recommended amount of calcium?

A) 1/3
B) 1/4
C) 2/3
D) 1/2

Question 39

Which of the following is a structure at the base of the brain that is involved in balance and motor movement?

A) Cerebellum
B) Reticular formation
C) Hippocampus
D) Corpus callosum

Question 40

What is the brain system that is involved in attention?

A) Cerebellum
B) Hippocampus
C) Reticular formation
D) Corpus callosum

Question 41

Kicking a soccer ball is an example of ____.

A) gross motor skills
B) fine motor skills
C) ambidextrous motor skills
D) elementary motor skills

Question 42

Your older brother's university roommate is an artist. He was very much hoping that his 5-year-old daughter would grow up to be artistic as well. At this point, she can draw some shapes pretty well, like circles and triangles, but that is about it. He is a bit worried. What would you tell him?

A) She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing.
B) She probably will be a gifted athlete.
C) She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills.
D) She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing.

Question 43

Gunther is 5 years old and is in a hospital emergency room. Based upon statistics, which of the following is the most likely cause?

A) A playground accident
B) A fall
C) A car accident
D) A bicycle accident

Question 44

Four-year-old Kitimbu has been tired, irritable and inattentive for the last few months. Because his diet lacks _____, he is likely suffering from ______.

A) calcium; kwashiorkor
B) iron; anaemia
C) calcium; osteoporosis
D) iron; marasmus

Question 45

Rates of early childhood injury and death due to accidents are ____.

A) lower in developing countries than in developed countries
B) higher in developing countries than in developed countries
C) higher in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures
D) lower in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures

Question 46

Pneumonia, malaria and measles are common causes of death for children in ____.

A) developing nations
B) developed nations
C) collective cultures
D) individualistic cultures

Question 47

Using a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper is an example of a ____.

A) gross motor skill
B) fine motor skill
C) ambidextrous motor skill
D) elementary motor skill

Question 48

Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations?

A) Lack of protein and lack of iron
B) Lack of calcium and lack of iron
C) Lack of potassium and lack of zinc
D) Lack of folic acid and lack of fat

Question 49

Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths. Why? Because lack of sufficient food ____.

A) slows the development of myelination
B) increases the likelihood of failure to thrive
C) reduces the effectiveness of the immune system
D) increases competition for calories and children lose out

Question 50

The mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced in developing nations as a result of which of the following factors?

A) Increased parental education and increased level of income
B) Increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations
C) Increased parental income and increased level of education
D) Increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations

Question 51

In developing countries, what is the most common cause of death in early childhood?

A) Parental abuse
B) Car accidents
C) Illness and disease
D) Accidental burning

Question 52

Iron deficiency is also known as ____.

A) kwashiorkor
B) anaemia
C) osteoporosis
D) marasmus

Question 53

Fatigue, irritability and difficulty sustaining attention are all symptoms of ____.

A) kwashiorkor
B) anaemia
C) osteoporosis
D) marasmus

Question 54

Which of the following best describes gross motor development in early childhood?

A) Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood.
B) Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state.
C) Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable.
D) Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent upon fine motor development.

Question 55

Gross motor skills are to ____ as fine motor skills are to ____.

A) throwing; writing
B) writing; throwing
C) running; jumping
D) jumping; running

Question 56

____ is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities.

A) Dominancy
B) Digital choice
C) Handedness
D) Ambidextrous

Question 57

In developed countries, what is the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood?

A) Falling down stairs
B) Parental abuse
C) Electric shock
D) Car accidents

Question 58

What deficiency is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries and leads to fatigue, irritability and difficulty sustaining attention?

A) Iron
B) Calcium
C) Phosphorus
D) Beta-carotene

Question 59

A friend is worried about his son, who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. What would you tell him to help him worry less? This behaviour is very typical because his son's ____.

A) motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous
B) motor development is not yet very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents
C) visual processing is lagging behind his motor development and he simply cannot see very well
D) attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father's warnings to be careful

Question 60

In the United States, each year ____ of children under age 10 become injured badly enough to need medical attention.

A) 1/4
B) 1/2
C) 1/3
D) 2/3

Question 61

Describe a nutritional problem that is more likely to be experienced in a developing country than a developed country. Include the consequences and explain what, if anything, can be done to avoid this problem.

Question 62

The preoperational stage of cognitive development occurs between the ages of ____.

A) birth and 2
B) 2 and 7
C) 7 and 11
D) 11 and adulthood

Question 63

The preference for using a particular hand probably occurs as a function of ____.

A) genetics
B) training
C) observational learning
D) the foetus leaning on a particular side that frees up one hand or the other for movement

Question 64

According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 65

What stage emphasises that children are yet unable to perform mental operations?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational

Question 66

What term did Piaget use to describe cognitive procedures that followed certain logical rules?

A) Operations
B) Constructions
C) Scaffolds
D) Stages

Question 67

You are visiting your sister, who has 4-year-old twins. They ask if they can have some milk and you are pouring it for them. One glass you choose is tall and thin and the other is short and wide. After you pour the milk, your niece is very unhappy because you gave 'more' milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to ____.

A) conserve
B) operate
C) centre
D) tertiary operate

Question 68

What are two explanations for the inability to remember anything before age 2?

Question 69

If you were a 3-year-old living in a developing country, such as Africa, what would be the most likely cause of death as a toddler? Is this different from the leading cause of death for toddlers in Australia and the United States? Explain.

Question 70

Are there sex differences in height and weight between the ages of 3 and 6 years? Explain.

Question 71

Being right-handed is more common in Western countries such as Australia, the United States and Canada. Is this also the case in other parts of the world? Explain.

Question 72

_____ is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.

A) Animism
B) Egocentrism
C) Reversibility
D) Conservation

Question 73

When is the preference for using a particular hand first developed?

A) During early childhood
B) In infancy
C) Prenatally
D) During middle childhood

Question 74

Describe two changes in the brain that explain why Jamil, a 6-year-old, can listen attentively during library story hour and participate in the craft activity that follows it, but his 3-year-old sister, Anna, is more interested in walking around and exploring various sections of the library.

Question 75

Similar to the percentage of right-handed adults, what percentage of foetuses uses their right hand when sucking their thumb?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 76

Identical twins have a _____ genetic similarity and are more likely than ordinary siblings to ____.

A) 50%; differ in handedness
B) 100%; differ in handedness
C) 50%; be similar in handedness
D) 100%; be similar in handedness

Question 77

What marks the beginning of representational thought? When children begin to ____.

A) remember where they left play objects
B) recognise their family members
C) internalise the images of their sensorimotor activities
D) externalise their true wishes and desires

Question 78

In regards to handedness, adopted children show a greater resemblance to ____.

A) their biological parents
B) their adoptive parents
C) their biological siblings
D) their adoptive siblings

Question 79

Sabine is a 6-year-old girl from Great Britain. She has two siblings: Shiloh, her 3-year-old sister, and Shamus, her 5-year-old brother. Describe one fine motor skill and one gross motor skill that Sabine is better at than her younger sister. Describe one skill that her brother is better at than his older sister. Explain.

Question 80

According to Piaget, it is not until _____ that we truly become representational thinkers.

A) early infancy
B) early toddlerhood
C) early childhood
D) early teens