Deck 14: Brain, Behavior, and Cognition Since 1945

Question 1

The case study of H.M.dealt with

A)the interaction between nerve impulses and speech ability.
B)the role of the brain in motor behavior.
C)the role of the brain in memory.
D)lobotomies and their impact on personality change.

Answer 1

the role of the brain in memory.

Question 2

The connection between the workings of a computer and those of the human brain was articulated by

A)Claude Shannon.
B)Grace Hopper.
C)Alan Turing.
D)Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts.

Answer 2

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts.

Question 3

The introduction of computer science, cybernetics, and information theory contributed to the study of memory by

A)introducing the use of flowcharts to help explain memory processes.
B)allowing researchers to easily compile and analyze their data.
C)highlighting and developing the idea of hierarchical thinking mechanisms.
D)drawing comparisons between the workings of the brain and the workings of machines.

Answer 3

drawing comparisons between the workings of the brain and the workings of machines.

Question 4

Donald Broadbent is best known for his work with memory and his theory on

A)physical working models.
B)filter models.
C)hierarchical models.
D)procedural memory.

Question 5

The shift toward cognitive psychology during the 1950s was, to some degree, inspired by Jean Piaget and

A)his attention to mental structures and representations and to cognitive strategies.
B)his attention to the scientific method in the formulation of his developmental theories.
C)his outdated thinking and the need for psychologists to develop new, more relevant theories.
D)his work with neuropsychology and physiology.

Question 6

George Boole published a revolutionary book called Mathematical Analysis of Logic in which he argued that

A)all logic could be based in mathematics.
B)the understanding of human memory could be based on logical analysis.
C)traditional mathematics could be conceptualized as just one of many possible forms of systematic symbol manipulation.
D)traditional mathematics could be conceptualized as a physical system in the brain.

Question 7

Frederic Bartlett theorized that memory

A)was a function associated with the hippocampus.
B)was only stored if it was culturally applicable to the person forming the memories.
C)existed in a hierarchy that stored thoughts in order of relevance and decreasing detail.
D)was not formed if the electrical impulse from the nervous system was interrupted at any point along its path.

Question 8

Cybernetics can be defined as

A)the study of artificial intelligence.
B)the study of hydraulic systems.
C)the study of self-regulating physical and social systems.
D)the study of robots.

Question 9

The term computer bug came from

A)an analogy comparing the nuisance of a bug and the troubles resulting from computer malfunctions.
B)the trend among computer programmers to call in sick with a "bug" whenever programming difficulties arose.
C)a moth found on a computer switch.
D)the acronym for "badly utilized grouping" in reference to programming sequences.

Question 10

Equipotentiality is

A)the ability of the human brain to regulate homeostasis.
B)the first theory of behavior to have the potential to fully explain behavior.
C)the ability of parts of the brain to take over the functions of other parts should they be destroyed.
D)the only theory ever published by Clark Hull.

Question 11

Kenneth Craik's book The Nature of Explanation was based on ideas in both

A)psychology and neurophysiology.
B)philosophy and physiology.
C)psychology and biology.
D)neurophysiology and philosophy.

Question 12

The theory behind the phrase "cells that fire together, wire together" can be attributed to

A)Karl Lashley.
B)Donald Hebb.
C)Saul Rosenzweig.
D)David Krech.

Question 13

The creation of Boolean algebra led to

A)the possibility of the use of symbols in programmable operations.
B)the collaboration between Boole and Charles Babbage.
C)the invention of the programmable calculator.
D)none of the above.

Question 14

Studies of the effects of enriched environments on neurological development in rats were undertaken by

A)John B.Watson and Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
B)Mark Rosenzweig and David Krech.
C)Donald Hebb and Karl Lashley.
D)George Miller.

Question 15

Roger Sperry's work with brains that had undergone a separation of the corpus callosum indicated

A)that this did not cause a noticeable disruption of overall ability of the patient to perform large-scale functions.
B)that each hemisphere of the brain had specific tasks.
C)that areas of the brain have the ability to take on functions that are no longer being done by other structures.
D)all of the above.
E)none of the above.

Question 16

Craik's career as director of the Applied Psychology Unit was cut short due to

A)his resignation to pursue medicine.
B)his untimely death.
C)accusations of falsifying experimental results.
D)his resignation to pursue a contract with the Royal Navy.

Question 17

The 1950s saw a trend of burgeoning research on

A)cognition.
B)behaviorism.
C)clinical psychology.
D)development.

Question 18

Binary code was used to demonstrate

A)how machinery could be used to examine the inner workings of the brain and nervous system.
B)how abstract symbol systems could be translated into concrete, mechanical representations.
C)how all systems could be reduced to on or off states.
D)none of the above.

Question 19

Behavioral researchers sometimes studied (but rarely based theories upon)

A)the effects of environment on learning and behavior.
B)abnormal behavior to draw comparisons to normal behavior.
C)trends in behavior over time.
D)physiological processes.

Question 20

Alan Turing illustrated his design for a computational system with the ability to perform any computable function through

A)a flowchart.
B)a survey.
C)a game.
D)a series of complex mathematical equation and encryptions.

Question 21

While interest in language had existed in the early parts of the 20th century, renewed interest in, and subsequent development of, psycholinguistics did not occur until

A)the 1940s.
B)the 1950s.
C)the 1960s.
D)the 1970s.

Question 22

Cognitive psychology owes a great deal of its success to

A)interdisciplinary collaboration.
B)the Cold War.
C)the accomplishments of isolated individuals.
D)international collaboration.

Question 23

Plans and the Structure of Behavior had what significance in the career of Miller?

A)It signified his transition from behavioral psychology to cognitive psychology.
B)It became a national best seller.
C)It was coauthored by two of his colleagues, and their relationship led to fruitful collaborations on many further studies.
D)It inaugurated cognitive psychology as a field.

Question 24

As interest in the computer modeling of human intelligence declined in the 1970s and 1980s, the field of began to take hold.

A)developmental psychology
B)physiological psychology
C)cognitive linguistics
D)cognitive neuroscience

Question 25

George A.Miller and Frederick Frick used information theory

A)to help them analyze the data obtained from laboratory studies.
B)to explain patterns of human behavior.
C)as a model on which they loosely based their own information theory.
D)to support and explain the results from a language experiment they had conducted.

Question 26

Means-end analysis was a computer program that aimed to

A)constantly compare a current state and an end state and attempt to reduce the difference between the two points.
B)inform the user of which calculations to perform to reach the desired end product of a mathematical problem.
C)predict outcomes based on data relating to current situations or information.
D)translate input data into a series of symbols and numbers.

Question 27

Noam Chomsky's work was brought to the attention of the psychological world following

A)the release of his book Syntactic Structures.
B)the publication of his article on linguistics in a psychological journal.
C)his critique of Skinner's work Verbal Behavior.
D)all of the above

Question 28

Claude Shannon defined information in a way that

A)was useful not only to cybernetic theorists but also to psychological research and even philosophy.
B)emphasized the acquisition of information rather than the content.
C)lay the foundation for information theory.
D)included all of the above.

Question 29

The Cybernetics Group involved

A)only the best and brightest minds in the field of mathematics and engineering.
B)a small number of researchers from an array of disciplines to discuss issues in cybernetics.
C)numerous engineers and psychologists who got together three times a year to discuss issues in theory and application.
D)friendly competitions in which members created systems based on theoretical cybernetic designs.