Question 1

The case study of H.M.dealt with
A)the interaction between nerve impulses and speech ability.
B)the role of the brain in motor behavior.
C)the role of the brain in memory.
D)lobotomies and their impact on personality change.

Accepted Answer

The case study of H.M. (Henry Molaison) is most famously associated with the role of the brain in memory. After undergoing a surgical procedure to alleviate severe epilepsy, which involved the removal of his hippocampus, H.M. developed profound anterograde amnesia, unable to form new long-term memories, which led to significant insights into how memory functions are organized in the brain.

Question 2

The connection between the workings of a computer and those of the human brain was articulated by
A)Claude Shannon.
B)Grace Hopper.
C)Alan Turing.
D)Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts.

Accepted Answer

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were pioneers in drawing parallels between the workings of the human brain and the operations of computers, particularly through their work on artificial neural networks.

Question 3

The introduction of computer science, cybernetics, and information theory contributed to the study of memory by
A)introducing the use of flowcharts to help explain memory processes.
B)allowing researchers to easily compile and analyze their data.
C)highlighting and developing the idea of hierarchical thinking mechanisms.
D)drawing comparisons between the workings of the brain and the workings of machines.

Accepted Answer

The introduction of computer science, cybernetics, and information theory drew comparisons between the workings of the brain and machines, leading to new insights into memory processes.

Question 4

Donald Broadbent is best known for his work with memory and his theory on
A)physical working models.
B)filter models.
C)hierarchical models.
D)procedural memory.

Accepted Answer

Donald Broadbent is best known for his development of one of the first filter models of attention, which describes how people selectively attend to the most important information while filtering out less relevant information.

Question 5

The shift toward cognitive psychology during the 1950s was, to some degree, inspired by Jean Piaget and
A)his attention to mental structures and representations and to cognitive strategies.
B)his attention to the scientific method in the formulation of his developmental theories.
C)his outdated thinking and the need for psychologists to develop new, more relevant theories.
D)his work with neuropsychology and physiology.

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget's focus on mental structures, representations, and cognitive strategies significantly influenced the shift toward cognitive psychology, emphasizing the importance of understanding internal mental processes.

Question 6

George Boole published a revolutionary book called Mathematical Analysis of Logic in which he argued that
A)all logic could be based in mathematics.
B)the understanding of human memory could be based on logical analysis.
C)traditional mathematics could be conceptualized as just one of many possible forms of systematic symbol manipulation.
D)traditional mathematics could be conceptualized as a physical system in the brain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of George Boole published a revolutionary book called...

Question 7

Frederic Bartlett theorized that memory
A)was a function associated with the hippocampus.
B)was only stored if it was culturally applicable to the person forming the memories.
C)existed in a hierarchy that stored thoughts in order of relevance and decreasing detail.
D)was not formed if the electrical impulse from the nervous system was interrupted at any point along its path.

Accepted Answer

Bartlett theorized that memory existed in a hierarchy that stored thoughts in order of relevance and decreasing detail.

Question 8

Cybernetics can be defined as
A)the study of artificial intelligence.
B)the study of hydraulic systems.
C)the study of self-regulating physical and social systems.
D)the study of robots.

Accepted Answer

Cybernetics is the study of self-regulating systems, encompassing both physical and social systems, focusing on how systems regulate themselves through feedback loops.

Question 9

The term computer bug came from
A)an analogy comparing the nuisance of a bug and the troubles resulting from computer malfunctions.
B)the trend among computer programmers to call in sick with a "bug" whenever programming difficulties arose.
C)a moth found on a computer switch.
D)the acronym for "badly utilized grouping" in reference to programming sequences.

Accepted Answer

The term "computer bug" originated from an incident where a moth was found trapped in a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer in 1947, causing a malfunction. This event was humorously referred to as a "bug" in the system, and the term stuck.

Question 10

Equipotentiality is
A)the ability of the human brain to regulate homeostasis.
B)the first theory of behavior to have the potential to fully explain behavior.
C)the ability of parts of the brain to take over the functions of other parts should they be destroyed.
D)the only theory ever published by Clark Hull.

Accepted Answer

Equipotentiality refers to the brain's ability to adapt functionally, where certain parts can assume the roles of damaged areas, maintaining the brain's overall functionality.

Question 11

Kenneth Craik's book The Nature of Explanation was based on ideas in both
A)psychology and neurophysiology.
B)philosophy and physiology.
C)psychology and biology.
D)neurophysiology and philosophy.

Accepted Answer

Kenneth Craik's book The Nature of Explanation was based on ideas in both psychology and neurophysiology.

Question 12

The theory behind the phrase "cells that fire together, wire together" can be attributed to
A)Karl Lashley.
B)Donald Hebb.
C)Saul Rosenzweig.
D)David Krech.

Accepted Answer

This phrase summarizes a concept introduced by Donald Hebb in his 1949 book "The Organization of Behavior," where he proposed that simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength between those cells. This foundational idea in neuroscience is often summarized as "neurons that fire together, wire together," laying the groundwork for understanding learning and memory.

Question 13

The creation of Boolean algebra led to
A)the possibility of the use of symbols in programmable operations.
B)the collaboration between Boole and Charles Babbage.
C)the invention of the programmable calculator.
D)none of the above.

Accepted Answer

Boolean algebra laid the foundation for the use of symbols in programmable operations, enabling the development of digital logic and computer programming.

Question 14

Studies of the effects of enriched environments on neurological development in rats were undertaken by
A)John B.Watson and Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
B)Mark Rosenzweig and David Krech.
C)Donald Hebb and Karl Lashley.
D)George Miller.

Accepted Answer

Mark Rosenzweig and David Krech conducted pioneering research on the effects of enriched environments on the brain development of rats, demonstrating that rats raised in stimulating environments had thicker cerebral cortices than those in impoverished conditions.

Question 15

Roger Sperry's work with brains that had undergone a separation of the corpus callosum indicated
A)that this did not cause a noticeable disruption of overall ability of the patient to perform large-scale functions.
B)that each hemisphere of the brain had specific tasks.
C)that areas of the brain have the ability to take on functions that are no longer being done by other structures.
D)all of the above.
E)none of the above.

Accepted Answer

Roger Sperry's research demonstrated that the separation of the corpus callosum did not significantly impair large-scale functions (A), highlighted the specialization of each hemisphere for certain tasks (B), and showed that different brain areas could adapt to take over functions (C), making all of the statements correct.

Question 16

Craik's career as director of the Applied Psychology Unit was cut short due to
A)his resignation to pursue medicine.
B)his untimely death.
C)accusations of falsifying experimental results.
D)his resignation to pursue a contract with the Royal Navy.

Accepted Answer

Craik's career as director of the Applied Psychology Unit was cut short due to his untimely death.

Question 17

The 1950s saw a trend of burgeoning research on
A)cognition.
B)behaviorism.
C)clinical psychology.
D)development.

Accepted Answer

The 1950s marked the beginning of the cognitive revolution, which shifted focus from behaviorism to studying mental processes like cognition.

Question 18

Binary code was used to demonstrate
A)how machinery could be used to examine the inner workings of the brain and nervous system.
B)how abstract symbol systems could be translated into concrete, mechanical representations.
C)how all systems could be reduced to on or off states.
D)none of the above.

Accepted Answer

Binary code was used to show how abstract symbol systems, like numbers and letters, could be represented in a concrete, mechanical form using a series of on and off states.

Question 19

Behavioral researchers sometimes studied (but rarely based theories upon)
A)the effects of environment on learning and behavior.
B)abnormal behavior to draw comparisons to normal behavior.
C)trends in behavior over time.
D)physiological processes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Behavioral researchers sometimes studied (but rarely based...

Question 20

Alan Turing illustrated his design for a computational system with the ability to perform any computable function through
A)a flowchart.
B)a survey.
C)a game.
D)a series of complex mathematical equation and encryptions.

Accepted Answer

Turing illustrated his design for a computational system through a hypothetical device known as the Turing machine, which he described using the analogy of a game or a simple mechanical process that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. This concept laid the groundwork for the modern theory of computation and algorithms.

Quiz 14: Brain, Behavior, and Cognition Since 1945

The case study of H.M.dealt with

The connection between the workings of a computer and those of the human brain was articulated by

The introduction of computer science, cybernetics, and information theory contributed to the study of memory by

Donald Broadbent is best known for his work with memory and his theory on

The shift toward cognitive psychology during the 1950s was, to some degree, inspired by Jean Piaget and

George Boole published a revolutionary book called Mathematical Analysis of Logic in which he argued that

Frederic Bartlett theorized that memory

Cybernetics can be defined as

The term computer bug came from

Equipotentiality is

Kenneth Craik's book The Nature of Explanation was based on ideas in both

The theory behind the phrase "cells that fire together, wire together" can be attributed to

The creation of Boolean algebra led to

Studies of the effects of enriched environments on neurological development in rats were undertaken by

Roger Sperry's work with brains that had undergone a separation of the corpus callosum indicated

Craik's career as director of the Applied Psychology Unit was cut short due to

The 1950s saw a trend of burgeoning research on

Binary code was used to demonstrate

Behavioral researchers sometimes studied (but rarely based theories upon)

Alan Turing illustrated his design for a computational system with the ability to perform any computable function through