Deck 13: Cross-Cultural Leadership and Diversity

Question 1

What was NOT mentioned as an important question in the cross-cultural research on leadership?

A) differences in beliefs about the essential characteristics of effective leaders
B) differences in how much a type of leadership behavior is used in each country
C) differences in beliefs about the importance of leadership for organizations
D) differences in the effects of leader behaviors on follower attitudes and motivation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which was recommended as a guideline for managing diversity in organizations?

A) Disseminate evidence to support popular stereotypes.
B) Insist on tolerance of any differences in cultural values.
C) Defend the right of people to choose their own team members.
D) Explain the benefits of diversity for the team or organization.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The study of global leadership is focused on the ________ challenges that confront the leaders of multinational organizations

A) theoretical
B) abstract
C) academic
D) practical

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which statement is MOST accurate according to the research on gender and leadership?

A) Men are more effective than women as leaders in organizations.
B) Women are more effective than men as leaders in organizations.
C) Men and women do not differ much in their effectiveness as leaders.
D) Few studies have compared the effectiveness of men and women leaders.

Question 5

Most of the early research on leadership was conducted in ________.

A) Eastern Europe
B) Asia
C) Latin America
D) Canada

Question 6

Cross-cultural leadership research is primarily a(n) ________ approach that considers how leadership values and practices that emerge in one culture apply within other cultures.

A) collectivist
B) comparative
C) absolute
D) unconfirmed

Question 7

Which feature is the LEAST desirable for a diversity program?

A) help people gain a better self awareness about stereotyping and intolerance
B) help people understand why they are responsible for discrimination
C) help people understand and appreciate ethnic and cultural differences
D) help people understand the benefits of diversity for an organization

Question 8

Participative leadership is MOST likely to be effective in a culture with ________.

A) high collectivism
B) low power distance
C) high gender egalitarianism
D) low performance orientation

Question 9

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a source of difficulties in cross-cultural research on leadership?

A) reluctance of people in some cultures to participate in the research
B) lack of equivalent meaning for measures used in different cultures
C) cultural response biases for rating forms and questionnaires
D) confounding of national culture with other situational variables

Question 10

There has been more leadership research on ________ differences than on other types of diversity.

A) religious
B) racial
C) gender
D) ethnic

Question 11

What is the name of the MOST extensive research program on cross-cultural leadership?

A) Effective Leadership Across Nations (ELAN)
B) Global Leadership In Different Environments (GLIDE)
C) Leadership Effectiveness Across Different Societies (LEADS)
D) Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE)

Question 12

Which is LEAST likely to be a reason for the "glass ceiling" in large organizations?

A) differences in leadership behavior displayed by men and women
B) implicit theories about the attributes required for effective leadership
C) popular stereotypes about the skills and traits of men and women
D) less encouragement and developmental opportunities for women

Question 13

Which description of cross-cultural research on leadership is MOST accurate?

A) New methods of cross-cultural research provide clear, consistent results.
B) The research found that there is little similarity of leadership across cultures.
C) Methodological problems make the interpretation of results very difficult.
D) The results show most leadership theories are equally valid across cultures.

Question 14

Which value was NOT regarded as important for effective leadership in all the cultures that were studied?

A) compassionate
B) dependable
C) visionary
D) honest

Question 15

Which attribute was considered important for leaders in all of the cultures that were studied?

A) ambitious
B) humble
C) self sacrificing
D) decisive

Question 16

What is the MOST accurate description of culture clusters?

A) values that cluster together in the same culture
B) values that cluster together in all cultures
C) religions with a similar set of values
D) countries with a similar set of values

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT suggested as a mechanism for reducing discrimination and intolerance in an organization?

A) appraisal criteria that consider diversity issues and provide equal opportunity
B) advisory committees to identify discrimination or intolerance and develop remedies
C) quotas to ensure each minority group is equally represented in leadership positions
D) hotlines for employees to report incidents of discrimination and intolerance

Question 18

Which cultural value dimension is MOST likely to encourage rapid economic development?

A) high performance emphasis
B) high uncertainty avoidance
C) high humane orientation
D) high power distance

Question 19

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a promising method to improve equal opportunity in organizations?

A) Train assessors to avoid the effects of gender role stereotypes.
B) Ensure that relevant criteria are used for promotion decisions.
C) Offer women mentoring programs that are designed for them.
D) Select managers randomly from a list of qualified candidates.

Question 20

Detailed plans and formal procedures are MOST likely to be found in a culture with ________.

A) high performance emphasis
B) high uncertainty avoidance
C) high collectivism
D) high gender egalitarianism

Question 21

Countries in which an autocratic political system is replaced by a democratic system are likely to become more accepting of ________.

A) non-participative leadership
B) empowerment in organizations
C) autocratic decision making
D) fear-based motivation

Question 22

Dorfman and colleagues found that ________ managers used more participative leadership than managers in ________.

A) American; Korea
B) Japanese; America
C) Mexican; Japan
D) Korean; Mexico

Question 23

Cross-cultural research requires researchers to consider a ________ than usual range of variables and processes.

A) narrower
B) broader
C) more focused
D) more superficial

Question 24

According to the GLOBE project, which is NOT a leader attribute that is viewed as more important in some countries than in others?

A) cautious
B) compassionate
C) self-sacrificing
D) decisive

Question 25

________ specify acceptable forms of leadership behavior and may be formalized as social laws limiting the use of power.

A) Gender stereotypes
B) Cultural norms
C) Cultural value dimensions
D) Cross-cultural differences

Question 26

A study found that leader contingent reward was related to subordinate organizational commitment in all of the following countries EXCEPT ________.

A) the United States
B) Mexico
C) Japan
D) Korea

Question 27

Deviation from social norms may result in ________ and ________ from other members of the organization.

A) diminished respect; increased social pressure
B) increased respect; decreased effectiveness
C) increased esteem; decreased social pressure
D) diminished insolence; increased effectiveness

Question 28

Researchers found that directive leadership was related to organizational commitment in ________.

A) the United States
B) South Korea
C) Taiwan
D) Japan

Question 29

Countries in which strong gender differentiation is gradually replaced by gender equality can be expected to become more accepting of all of the following leadership practices EXCEPT ________.

A) nurturing
B) developing
C) high power distance
D) building cooperative relationships

Question 30

Which is an example of the situational variable characteristics of the managerial position?

A) public corporation versus private ownership
B) telecommunications
C) retailing
D) position power

Question 31

________ is a cross-cultural study of leadership in 60 different countries representing all major regions of the world.

A) Diversity training
B) The glass cliff
C) Collectivism
D) The GLOBE project

Question 32

Only a small number of studies have examined ________.

A) how beliefs about effective leadership behavior are similar from one country to another
B) how beliefs about effective leadership traits are different from one country to another
C) how cultural values and leadership practices are both changing over time
D) cross-cultural differences in the actual pattern of leadership behavior

Question 33

The distinction between profit and nonprofit is an example of which situational variable affecting leadership?

A) type of organization
B) type of industry
C) characteristics of the managerial position
D) cultural values and traditions

Question 34

According to the GLOBE project, which is NOT a leader attribute that is widely viewed as effective?

A) visionary
B) dependable
C) ambitious
D) honest and trustworthy

Question 35

The differences among countries for ideal values were ________ for actual values, and it is still not clear how to interpret the results.

A) equal to those
B) much greater than
C) much smaller than
D) almost double those

Question 36

Countries in which ________ is being replaced by ________ are likely to see a shift toward stronger individualism and performance-orientation values.

A) socialism; capitalism
B) capitalism; socialism
C) an autocratic system; socialism
D) capitalism; an autocratic system

Question 37

A cross-cultural study by Fu and Yukl found that Chinese managers were more likely than American managers to use ________.

A) confrontational tactics
B) rational persuasion
C) direct approaches
D) gift-giving prior to a request

Question 38

Leadership behavior is ________.

A) only influenced by national culture
B) not influenced by the type of industry
C) influenced by other situational variables besides national culture
D) unaffected by national culture

Question 39

Which is NOT a reason why cross-cultural research is important?

A) decreasing globalization of organizations
B) increasing need to influence people from other cultures
C) desire to understand how people from different cultures view leaders
D) necessity of determining if a leadership theory is valid in cultures that differ from the one in which it was developed

Question 40

Research found that American managers were more likely to ________, while Japanese managers were more likely to ________.

A) use written memos to provide direction; use face-to-face meetings for direction
B) use face-to-face meetings to provide direction; use written memos for direction
C) withhold criticism; give negative feedback
D) channel negative feedback through peers; directly give negative feedback

Question 41

Which of the following is a key personality trait or characteristic of global leaders?

A) local mindset
B) introversion
C) cultural agility
D) ethnocentrism

Question 42

The term ________ refers to the tendency of women to be more likely to be appointed to leadership positions that are risky and precarious.

A) glass cliff
B) glass ceiling
C) gender egalitarianism
D) gender stereotype

Question 43

________ is a country with high uncertainty avoidance.

A) Canada
B) Sweden
C) Denmark
D) France

Question 44

The extent to which high individual achievement is valued is called ________.

A) performance orientation
B) humane orientation
C) gender egalitarianism
D) uncertainty avoidance

Question 45

Which is NOT one of the three aspects that are especially important for global leaders to understand because they differ across regions of the world?

A) national culture
B) employee work preferences
C) factors that engage and motivate employees
D) international exchange rates

Question 46

The strong tendency to favor men over women in filling high-level leadership positions has been referred to as the ________.

A) glass cliff
B) glass ceiling
C) gender egalitarianism
D) gender stereotype

Question 47

Which aspect of a global organization arises from the organization itself?

A) espoused values and norms
B) national cultures
C) political and economic systems
D) history

Question 48

________ is a high power distance culture.

A) The United States
B) Western Europe
C) Venezuela
D) New Zealand

Question 49

________ means a strong concern for the welfare of other people and the willingness to sacrifice one's own self-interest to help others.

A) Performance orientation
B) Humane orientation
C) Individualism
D) Gender egalitarianism

Question 50

________ is the extent to which the needs and autonomy of specific people are more important than the shared needs of groups, organizations, or society.

A) Power distance
B) Uncertainty avoidance
C) Individualism
D) Collectivism

Question 51

In high power distance cultures, people ________.

A) expect leaders to have reduced authority
B) are less likely to comply with rules
C) are more likely to question directives
D) are less likely to challenge authority

Question 52

Participative leadership is considered more important in the ________ cluster than in the ________ cluster.

A) Middle East; Anglo
B) Germanic Europe; Eastern Europe
C) Confucian Asia; Nordic Europe
D) Southern Asia; Germanic Europe

Question 53

In societies with strong performance orientation values, ________.

A) who you are is more important than what you do
B) individual achievements can be an important source of status and self-esteem
C) family loyalty takes precedence over accomplishing a task effectively
D) results are emphasized more than people

Question 54

In countries with high gender egalitarianism, ________.

A) there is more differentiation of sex roles
B) few jobs are segregated by gender
C) women have more equal opportunities
D) there is more bias in how leaders are evaluated

Question 55

In cultures with high ________, there is more fear of the unknown, and people desire more security, stability, and order.

A) power distance
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) gender egalitarianism
D) performance orientation

Question 56

________ is a country with low uncertainty avoidance.

A) The United Kingdom
B) Spain
C) Germany
D) India

Question 57

________ is the extent to which men and women receive equal treatment, and both masculine and feminine attributes are considered important and desirable.

A) Power distance
B) Gender egalitarianism
C) The glass ceiling
D) The glass cliff

Question 58

Employee work preferences include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) desire for job security
B) desire for growth opportunities
C) desire for cross-cultural consistency
D) desire for respect

Question 59

________ is a low power distance culture.

A) New Zealand
B) Russia
C) China
D) Mexico

Question 60

________ involves the acceptance of an unequal distribution of status in organizations and institutions.

A) Power distance
B) Uncertainty avoidance
C) Gender egalitarianism
D) Performance orientation

Question 61

Which is a guideline for discouraging intolerance and discrimination in an organization?

A) Set an example in your own behavior of appreciation for diversity.
B) Encourage respect for individual differences.
C) Identify biased beliefs and role expectations for women or minorities.
D) Promote understanding of different values, beliefs, and traditions.

Question 62

The extent to which people accept an unequal distribution of power and status in organizations and institutions is called uncertainty tolerance.

Question 63

Cross-cultural leadership research is important because leaders must also be able to understand how people from different cultures view them and interpret their actions.

Question 64

Diversity and inclusion in an organization ________.

A) have no potential costs
B) offer only benefits
C) generally decrease creativity
D) increase the talent available to fill positions

Question 65

________ can take many forms, including differences in race, ethnic identity, age, gender, education, physical appearance, socioeconomic level, sexual orientation, and differences associated with a person's generation.

A) Collectivism
B) Power distance
C) Diversity
D) Individualism

Question 66

Most studies find that women are more effective than men in leadership positions.

Question 67

In a collectivistic culture, membership in cohesive in-groups is an important aspect of a person's self-identity, and loyalty to the group is important.

Question 68

Most studies on gender and leadership are focused on determining ________.

A) if there is a difference between men and women
B) the cause of any differences between men and women
C) whether men are more effective leaders than women
D) why women hold fewer leadership positions than men

Question 69

One major problem related to the limitation of research on gender differences is the lack of a clear definition of ________.

A) culture
B) gender
C) leadership
D) politics

Question 70

Diversity training is a structural mechanism designed to uncover discrimination.

Question 71

In societies with strong performance orientation values, people are emphasized more than results.

Question 72

If stereotypes about gender result in inflated differences when in reality there is little or no difference, this is an example of the influence of ________.

A) differential role expectations
B) the differential influence of organizational factors
C) contamination from extraneous variables
D) faulty data analysis

Question 73

A possible explanation for the glass ceiling phenomenon is higher standards of performance for men.

Question 74

Which is a guideline for encouraging tolerance and appreciation in an organization?

A) Challenge people who make prejudiced comments.
B) Explain the benefits of diversity for the team or organization.
C) Speak out to protest against unfair treatment based on prejudice.
D) Take disciplinary action to stop harassment of women or minorities.

Question 75

Female candidates are likely to be rated as ________ qualified than male candidates for many types of leadership positions unless accurate information about each person's skill and experience is collected and used in the selection decision.

A) a bit more
B) less
C) equally as
D) twice as

Question 76

Which statement is NOT true?

A) The essential skills and behaviors for effective leadership are identical across situations.
B) Some types of leadership positions may provide a slight advantage either to men or to women.
C) Any gender advantage in a particular position is likely to be a small one.
D) Gender should not be an important qualification for the position.

Question 77

Gender egalitarianism is the extent to which men and women receive equal treatment, and both masculine and feminine attributes are considered important and desirable.

Question 78

Societies with a strong humane orientation encourage and reward individuals for being friendly, caring, generous, and kind to others.

Question 79

The utility of meta-analyses for interpreting research on gender differences is ________ when the results in the published literature are not representative.

A) increased
B) nonexistent
C) limited
D) irrelevant

Question 80

A major issue is the extent to which leadership theories developed and tested in one culture can be generalized to different cultures.