Deck 6: Victims of Crime, Violence, and Adversity

Question 1

Blaming the victim is an example of

A)suppositional attribution.
B)external assignment.
C)dispositional attribution.
D)None of these are correct.

Answer 1

dispositional attribution.

Question 2

According to the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, adverse childhood experiences (such as any kind of abuse, having a mentally ill caretaker, having a drug abuser in home, etc.)increase the risk for

A)social and health problems.
B)suicides.
C)homophobic attitude.
D)All of these are correct.

Answer 2

social and health problems.

Question 3

According to one study, ____________ of sampled students reported being harassed during the previous year because of their appearance, race, sexual orientation, disability, or religion.

A)45%
B)55%
C)65%
D)90%

Answer 3

65%

Question 4

As many as _____________ of rape victims never report their attack to the police.

A)25%
B)a third
C)half
D)two-thirds

Question 5

Charles has recently come back from the war. While in the war, he was severely injured when a bomb blew up the truck he was in (everyone else in the truck was killed). Since coming home two months ago, he has been having nightmares and flashbacks where he re-experiences the bombing. He is also easily startled and very anxious. He went to see his doctor and was diagnosed as having

A)dissociative identity disorder.
B)a personality disorder.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)acute stress disorder.

Question 6

Paige was walking home from work about a year ago when she was assaulted. She suffered severe injuries and had to undergo rehabilitation therapy for her physical injuries for about three months. Since the assault, she has been having nightmares and flashbacks where she re-experiences the incident. She is also easily startled and very anxious. She went to see her doctor and was diagnosed as having

A)dissociative identity disorder.
B)a personality disorder.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)acute stress disorder.

Question 7

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics' National Crime Victimization Survey in 2015, approximately _____________ criminal victimizations occurred.

A)1.2 million
B)2.7 million
C)3.1 million
D)5.2 million

Question 8

The rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq War veterans has been estimated at

A)5.8%.
B)8.6%.
C)13.8%.
D)17.4%.

Question 9

According to one study, the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the adult population in the United States is estimated to be _____.

A)9.7%
B)6.8%
C)3.6%
D)None of these are correct.

Question 10

A pelvic examination and collection of semen samples from a rape victim during the acute phase may cause a resurgence of the initial feelings of disruption, helplessness, hostility, and violation-a reaction known as

A)imaginal exposure.
B)secondary victimization.
C)rape trauma syndrome.
D)posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 11

Which of the following has occurred and reflects an increase in the attention paid to victims?

A)Victims now have the opportunity to provide victim impact statements.
B)New organizations have emerged that focus on victims (e.g., National Organization for Victim Assistance).
C)There is not much availability of services for crime victims.
D)A and B

Question 12

Kaplow and Widom (2007)found that physically and sexually abused children

A)on early onset of maltreatment showed behavioral problems in adulthood and in later onset of maltreatment symptoms of anxiety and depression were identified.
B)on early onset of maltreatment showed symptoms of anxiety and depression in adulthood and in later onset of maltreatment had behavioral problems in adulthood.
C)showed symptoms of anxiety, depression, and behavioral problems in childhood.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 13

According to Cougle, Resnick, and Kilpatrick (2009), about what percentage of women are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder at some point in their lives?

A)6.2%
B)9.7%
C)13.6%
D)15.1%

Question 14

Along with cyberbullying, social exclusion, physical, and verbal, the other subtypes of bullying include

A)laughing.
B)social inclusion.
C)spreading rumors.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 15

Frank is a gay male who has been threatened repeatedly and harassed at his high school. Unfortunately, this type of offense is not uncommon, as LGBT students are ___________________________ to report feeling unsafe at school.

A)3 times more likely
B)1.5 times more likely
C)5 times more likely
D)2 times more likely

Question 16

Research suggests that veterans experience significantly higher rates of PTSD than the general population. For example, a study conducted from 1986 to 1988 found that _________ of male veterans and ____________ of female veterans reported experiencing PTSD in their lifetime.

A)26.9%; 30.9%
B)30.9%; 26.9%
C)15.2%; 8.2%
D)8.2%; 15.2%

Question 17

If the cause of someone's misfortune can be blamed on _____________ attributions, then there is less pressure to help them.

A)dispositional
B)external
C)suppositional
D)integral

Question 18

If someone has trauma-related symptoms (e.g., flashbacks)that last less than one month, that person would be diagnosed as experiencing

A)posttraumatic stress disorder.
B)borderline personality disorder.
C)chronic stress disorder.
D)acute stress disorder.

Question 19

Sexual predators sometimes prowl online chat rooms to find victims. This technique is referred to as

A)cyberstalking.
B)computer prowling.
C)chat room raiding.
D)victim searching.

Question 20

If someone has trauma-related symptoms (e.g., flashbacks)that last longer than one month, that person would be diagnosed as experiencing

A)posttraumatic stress disorder.
B)borderline personality disorder.
C)chronic stress disorder.
D)acute stress disorder.

Question 21

According to Dutton, 40% of batterers have the features of

A)schizophrenia.
B)dissociative identity disorder.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)borderline personality disorder.

Question 22

Waltz et al.'s (2000)research revealed three distinct types of batterers. What are these three types?

A)Type I, Type II, and Type III
B)Generally violent, psychopathological, and family-only
C)Internally focused, externally focused/family, and externally focused/society
D)Psychological, physical, and psychological/physical

Question 23

Edna Foa is well known for her use of ________therapy in treating PTSD.

A)behavior
B)psycho
C)exposure
D)All of these are correct.

Question 24

What might others do to help prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in the victim?

A)Provide social support immediately following the traumatic event.
B)Correct the victim's misconception that the world is a dangerous place from which he or she must retreat.
C)Correct the victim's misconception that he or she is helpless in dealing with life's stressors.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 25

A claim of self-defense, historically, has applied

A)when the victim reasonably believed that he or she was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm.
B)only when the assailant was armed.
C)when the victim is actually harmed in the attack.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 26

The FBI estimates there were __________________ reported cases of rape in the United States in 2013.

A)79,770
B)approximately 50,000
C)115,000
D)almost 33,000

Question 27

According to Ewing (1987), of 100 women who killed their batterers

A)85 women went to trial.
B)65 women were convicted of murder, manslaughter, or some kind of criminal homicide.
C)48 women received a sentence of 10 years or less.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 28

Which of the following experience was described as leading to battered woman syndrome?

A)PTSD
B)Self-defense
C)Domestic violence
D)All of these are correct.

Question 29

Which of the following is a misconception held about battered women?

A)Violence among intimate partners is common.
B)Battered women provoke the inflicted assaults.
C)Battered women are not free to leave these violent relationships any time they want.
D)All of these are correct

Question 30

The high-risk age group(s)for rape victims is/are

A)children and adolescents.
B)young adults (i.e., college age).
C)25- to 30-year-olds.
D)middle-aged women.

Question 31

Which of the following is not the name of a stage in the batterer's cycle of violence?

A)Tension-building phase
B)Contrite phase
C)Acute battering incident
D)Apology phase

Question 32

In the cycle of violence that is involved with battering, which stage follows the acute battering incident?

A)Tension-building phase
B)Tension-reduction phase
C)Contrite phase
D)Honeymoon phase

Question 33

Which of the following is a myth about rape?

A)Women can be raped against their will.
B)Women secretly want to get raped.
C)Most accusations of rape are not fake.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 34

Although batterers come from all walks of life, they are more likely to have

A)poor problem-solving and verbal skills.
B)a job and higher levels of education.
C)used substances later in life.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 35

Tom has just thrown his wife to the floor and repeatedly kicked her in the stomach after she fell to the ground. Suddenly he picks her up and cradles her to his body, crying and promising that he will never hurt her again (he's said that before). What stage of the cycle of violence is Tom now in?

A)Apology phase
B)Penitent phase
C)Regret phase
D)Contrite phase

Question 36

Karen has been repeatedly beaten by her husband Jack. She used to think about leaving him, but now believes that there is nothing she can do to escape. She no longer sees her friends because it has become harder to hide her bruises. On this particular night, Karen made her husband dinner but she was a little late getting it on the table, and she sensed his foul mood. When Jack looked at her in that particular way, she knew he was about to hurt her. Using what you know about the battered women syndrome, you could say that Karen is

A)losing her mind.
B)provoking her husband.
C)hypervigilant.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 37

In the National Women's Study, researchers obtained data on the frequency of rape by interviewing people over the telephone. Approximately what percentage of women said that they had been a victim of rape or attempted rape?

A)2%
B)8%
C)17%
D)26%

Question 38

Of the following, which group was not found to be more tolerant of rape?

A)Those with traditional beliefs about gender roles
B)Those with more adversarial sexual beliefs
C)Those who had been raped themselves
D)Those with greater needs for power and dominance

Question 39

Lenore Walker found that the cycle of violence was NOT experienced by ___________ of the women she studied.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourths

Question 40

One-year prevalence rates for violence against women in the United States have ranged from ___________________ of total violence.

A)3% to 4%
B)10% to 15%
C)8% to 17%
D)18% to 25%

Question 41

Alice is on a date with Sherman, a man she's been seeing for two weeks. It's 10:30 p.m.; they have just finished a late dinner, and Sherman has invited her up to his apartment for coffee. Although they have been drinking all evening, Alice agrees to go upstairs. Once there, Sherman grabs a gun, holds it to Alice's head, and tells her to strip. He then proceeds to rape her. Which of the following details within this situation is unusual for a date rape?

A)The time of the crime
B)The location of the crime
C)The fact that the victim has been drinking
D)The fact that the assailant used a weapon

Question 42

In the United States, it is common for antiandrogen drugs to be prescribed to sex offenders in order to reduce their sex drive, a procedure referred to as

A)desensitization.
B)chemical castration.
C)surgical castration.
D)neurosurgery.

Question 43

According to the National Women's Study, among rape victims, approximately _________ report having been raped prior to the age of 12.

A)15%
B)21.6%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 44

According to the National Women's Study survey, approximately _______of women said they would be less likely to report a rape if they knew their names would be made public.

A)one-quarter
B)three-quarters
C)one-third
D)two-thirds

Question 45

A situation that involves both the attacker and the victim using alcohol or drugs and generally with no involvement of weapons, but issues verbal or physical threats is

A)an acquaintance rape.
B)a date rape.
C)A and B
D)None of these are correct

Question 46

What percentage of sexual assaults is carried out against women between 18- and 24-year-old victims who know their assailants?

A)25%
B)40%
C)80%
D)70%

Question 47

As an intervention with convicted rapists, chemical castration

A)has been assessed as quite effective, without any side effects.
B)causes a reduction in the rapist's estrogen level.
C)increases the rapist's testosterone level.
D)has been criticized because its purpose is to control sexual behavior, not violent behavior.

Question 48

Approximately what percentage of rapes results in convictions or prison sentences?

A)Less than 10%
B)20%-30%
C)35%-45%
D)50%-60%

Question 49

Ellis (1989)identified three theories of rape. Which of the following is NOT one of these theories?

A)Feminist theory
B)Domination theory
C)Social-learning approach
D)Evolutionary theory

Question 50

Depo-Provera (or MPA)

A)is an agency that gives crisis counseling to rape victims.
B)has been identified as a hormone strongly present in rapists.
C)is a drug that reportedly lowers sexual arousal.
D)is an agency that monitors the chemical castration of rapists.

Question 51

Many rape victims experience long-term problems. One of these being

A)deceit.
B)aggression.
C)depression.
D)All of these are correct

Question 52

A rape victim has to undergo a pelvic exam and semen samples have to be collected. These actions can lead to a reaction in the victim known as

A)secondary victimization.
B)examination anxiety.
C)rape aftermath trauma.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 53

According to the National Violence Against Women Survey,

A)about 15 million U.S. women have been raped.
B)about 300,000 U.S. women have been raped.
C)about 18 million U.S. women have been raped.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 54

Strategies for developing effective interventions for preventing rape have included

A)training potential victims about the myths of rape.
B)teaching potential victims how to avoid certain situations.
C)developing specialized sex offender treatment programs in which perpetrators must accept responsibility.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 55

A study by the Justice Department found that if women resisted a rape attack they were

A)just as likely to suffer a completed rape than those who did not resist.
B)half as likely to suffer a completed rape than those who did not resist.
C)two times as likely to be physically injured than those who did not resist.
D)most likely being attacked by someone they knew.

Question 56

Research has found that empathy for rape victims is higher

A)among men and women who know a rape victim.
B)only among men (not women)who know a rape victim.
C)only among women (not men)who know a rape victim.
D)for older rather than younger people.

Question 57

One factor that has been included in the different typologies of rapists is

A)the amount and type of aggression used by the rapist.
B)drug addiction.
C)domestic violence heightened the rapist's arousal.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 58

Acquaintance rape is more frequent under which of the following conditions?

A)When the victim and the assailant have both been drinking or using other drugs
B)On dates when each party pays their own expenses
C)When the victim and the assailant are at a fraternity party
D)All of these are correct.

Question 59

Chloe claims that Tad raped her, and Tad is currently on trial. He claims that the sex was consensual. The prosecution has hired a psychologist, and the judge has agreed to allow the psychologist to testify. The psychologist provides evidence of ______ to corroborate the complainant's version of the facts.

A)bruising
B)rape trauma syndrome
C)Chloe's problems at work
D)All of these are correct.

Question 60

When comparing rapes committed by persons known to the victim and by strangers to the victim, __________.

A)victims are more likely to report assaults by acquaintances.
B)victims are more likely to report assaults by spouses or boyfriends.
C)victims are more likely to report assaults by strangers.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 61

According to one meta-analysis, ______________ of sampled women have reported experiencing harassing behavior, and ______________ experienced sexual harassment at work.

A)24%; 58%
B)58%; 24%
C)37%; 53%
D)53%; 37%

Question 62

In Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993), the U.S. Supreme Court held that it was

A)not always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had nonspecific pain and suffering.
B)always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had nonspecific pain and suffering.
C)not always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had suffered psychological injuries.
D)always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had suffered psychological injuries.

Question 63

What types of harassment claims are more likely to be resolved in favor of the complainant?

A)Claims in which the harassing behaviors are serious.
B)Claims in which the complainant had witnesses to support the charges.
C)Claims in which the complainant had given notice to management prior to filing formal charges.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 64

Dershowitz (1994)has claimed that an increasing number of defense lawyers are taking the approach that the defendants they represent have a "history of abuse as an excuse for violent retaliation." What has Dershowitz named this claim?

A)The victimization syndrome
B)The abuse excuse
C)The eye for an eye excuse
D)Appropriate retaliation

Question 65

Sexual harassment that creates a hostile work environment

A)is termed quid pro quo .
B)violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
C)must be viewed as harmful and pervasive by a "reasonable woman" standard.
D)must be "severely psychologically disabling" to the victim as judged by a "reasonable person" standard.

Question 66

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court recognize that sexual harassment creates a hostile work environment and violates Title VII? (Rule that intra-gender harassment is prohibited?)

A)Harris v . Forklift Systems , Inc . (1993)
B)Meritor Savings Bank v . Vinson (1986)
C)Commonwealth v . Wall (1992)
D)Oncale v . Sundowner Offshore Industries (1998)

Question 67

The case of Lori Drew-who created a fictitious 16-year-old boy on MySpace and sent flirtatious messages to her 13-year-old neighbor Megan Meier, who later hanged herself in her bedroom closet-was the first ever _____________ trial.

A)child abuse
B)sexual harassment
C)cyberbullying
D)hate crime

Question 68

Vince persistently re-experiences trauma in a way that includes recurrent memories, nightmares, dissociative reactions, distress following trauma reminders, and physical reactions after trauma reminders. He is most likely to be suffering from ______.

A)borderline personality disorder
B)acute stress disorder
C)chronic depression
D)posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 69

What standard did the U.S. Supreme Court use in its ruling about hostile workplaces in Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. ?

A)A reasonable person
B)A reasonable woman
C)A reasonable man
D)A reasonable jury member

Question 70

John witnessed a mass shooting in his neighborhood. Thereafter he exhibited several trauma-related symptoms that lasted less than one month. It is safe to say that John is suffering from ______________.

A)post-traumatic stress disorder
B)acute stress disorder
C)borderline disorder
D)obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 71

What year was the term sexual harassment first used?

A)1923
B)1953
C)1974
D)1994

Question 72

What was the final outcome of the Menendez brothers' case?

A)Both were found guilty but insane.
B)Both were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life in prison.
C)Both were found guilty of murder and sentenced to 40 years each.
D)Both were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death by lethal injection.

Question 73

Learned helplessness, social isolation, and economic dependence are the most specific components of ______.

A)battered woman syndrome
B)childhood trauma
C)post-traumatic stress
D)hate crime

Question 74

Terri is informed by her boss that if she doesn't sleep with him, she will be fired. What type of sexual harassment is this?

A)Hostile workplace
B)Quid pro quo
C)Verbal display
D)Verbal hostility

Question 75

Richard and Olivia have been married for three years now. The first two years of their marriage was filled with love and happiness. Since the beginning of the third year, they have been having trouble maintaining harmony in their marriage as a result of disappointments and disagreements. Where do you think John and Olivia are in the life cycle of violence?

A)Tension-building phase
B)Acute battering incident
C)Contrite phase
D)Posttraumatic phase

Question 76

Which of the following characteristics has been found to be correlated with higher scores on the Likelihood to Sexually Harass Scale?

A)Less concern with social desirability
B)More traditional beliefs toward women's roles
C)A and B
D)None of these are correct.

Question 77

Name the field of study that focuses on the processes and consequences of experiences in survivors and how they recover.

A)Clinical neuropsychology
B)Forensic psychology
C)Counseling psychology
D)Victimology

Question 78

Approximately what percentage of men had experienced sexual harassment in the workplace? (At least one incident involving sexual harassment at work.)

A)4%
B)12%
C)37%
D)53%

Question 79

The stealing of information about an individual's personal and financial life by computer hackers and then using it fraudulently is termed ______.

A)kleptomania
B)cyberbullying
C)cyberstalking
D)identity theft

Question 80

Wiener et al. (1997)investigated how sexist attitudes affect perceptions of sexual harassment, and they found that

A)subjects high rather than low in hostile sexism were less likely to find that the defendant's behavior constituted sexual harassment.
B)subjects low rather than high in hostile sexism were less likely to find that the defendant's behavior constituted sexual harassment.
C)subjects high rather than low in benevolent sexism were less likely to find that the defendant's behavior constituted sexual harassment.
D)subjects low rather than high in benevolent sexism were less likely to find that the defendant's behavior constituted sexual harassment.