Deck 5: Classical Conditioning Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning

Question 1

According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the _____ acts as a substitute for the _____.

A) CS; NS
B) CS; US
C) US; CS
D) NS; US

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If the primary effect of a drug is an increase in heart rate, the UR in a drug conditioning trial is a(n)

A) decrease in heart rate.
B) increase in heart rate.
C) stable heart rate.
D) fluctuation in heart rate.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following observations validates the preparatory-response theory of conditioning?

A) The CS is usually quite different from the US.
B) The CS is often quite similar to the US.
C) The CR and UR are often quite similar.
D) The CR can sometimes be quite different from the UR.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The major difficulty with Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is that the _____ are sometimes quite _____.

A) CR and UR; similar
B) CR and UR; different
C) CS and US; similar
D) CS and US; different

Question 5

According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome because

A) the metronome acts as a substitute for the food.
B) the food acts as a substitute for the metronome.
C) the dog has an innate tendency to respond to certain sounds.
D) the salivation helps the dog prepare for the presentation of food.

Question 6

Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is an example of a(n) _____.

A) S-S model
B) S-R model
C) compensatory-response model
D) preparatory response model

Question 7

According to the preparatory-response theory of conditioning, the purpose of the _____ is to enable an organism to get ready for the _____.

A) NS; US
B) CR; US
C) UR; US
D) CR; CS

Question 8

In a conditioning trial with drugs, drug administration is paired with cues. According to the compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, the US is _____ and the UR is _____.

A) the primary effect of the drug on the body; the compensatory response to the primary effect
B) the sight of the drug; the physiological reaction to the drug
C) the b-process; the a-process
D) the compensatory response to the drug; the primary drug effect

Question 9

In an experiment, a rat that receives a foot shock (the US) jumps (the UR). However, when it sees a light (CS) that has been paired with a foot shock, it freezes (the CR).  The fact that a rat's fear response to an aversive CS is likely to be quite _____ its response to the aversive US is best explained by the _____.

A) similar to; opponent process theory
B) different from; S-R theory
C) different from, preparatory-response theory
D) similar to; stimulus-substitution theory

Question 10

Who among the following behaviorists proposed the stimulus-substitution theory of classical conditioning?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Rosalie Rayner
C) John Watson
D) Joseph Wolpe

Question 11

Karen was once attacked by a robber in her bedroom. After that incident, she feels very afraid to go into her bedroom. In this scenario, Karen's fear is based on a(n) _____ association.

A) S-U
B) S-S
C) S-R
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 12

One of the primary effects of the induction of amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. According to the compensatory-response model, in a drug conditioning trial with amphetamine, the US would be a(n) _____ and the UR would be a(n) _____.

A) decrease in heart rate; increase in heart rate
B) increase in heart rate; increase in heart rate
C) increase in heart rate; decrease in heart rate
D) decrease in heart rate; decrease in heart rate

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of the stimulus-substitution theory?

A) It explains why the UR and the CR are substantially different in many instances of conditioning.
B) It explains how a CS elicits a compensatory response after a primary response.
C) It suggests how classical conditioning illustrates the neurological processes in the brain.
D) It describes the effect of each conditioning trial on the strength of a CS in its relationship to a US.

Question 14

Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near her town and, as a result, developed a strong fear of those woods. In this scenario, Suzie's fear of the woods is based on a(n) _____ association.

A) S-R
B) S-S
C) R-S
D) R-R

Question 15

According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the

A) CS acts as a substitute for the US.
B) CR becomes associated with the US.
C) UR acts as a substitute for the NS.
D) UR becomes associated with the US.

Question 16

According to the _____ theory, the CR should be quite similar to the UR.

A) stimulus-stimulus
B) stimulus-substitution
C) Rescorla-Wagner
D) preparatory response

Question 17

According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the CS should elicit

A) a response that is different from the UR.
B) a response that is identical to the US.
C) a response that is highly similar to the UR.
D) a response that is somehow related to the NS.

Question 18

Dean believes that his black suit is a bad omen because he had an accident the last time he wore it. In this scenario, Dean's belief illustrates the _____ theory of conditioning.

A) compensatory response
B) preparatory response
C) stimulus-substitution
D) compensatory-substitution

Question 19

Pavlov believed that the process of pairing an NS with a US resulted in the formation of a neural connection between

A) different reflex arcs within the spinal cord.
B) different areas in the cortex that are activated by each type of stimulus.
C) the cortex and the thalamus.
D) sensory and motor regions of the cortex.

Question 20

Which of the following theories of conditioning is proved by the classical conditioning of compensatory responses?

A) The R-S theory
B) The S-R theory
C) The stimulus-substitution theory
D) The preparatory-response theory

Question 21

The compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking

A) gradually.
B) suddenly.
C) in a smoking-related environment.
D) in an environment not related to smoking.

Question 22

Consider a US that supports a maximum associative value of 10. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 7 units of associative value, the other CS will at most have acquired _____ units of associative value.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 10
D) 17

Question 23

There are multiple reports of drug overdoses where an individual administers a normal dose of a drug but in a novel place. As a result of the novel situation, the user's tolerance is reduced. According to the compensatory-response model, which of the following factors is missing from the conditioning scenario?

A) CS
B) CR
C) US
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 24

According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, a given US

A) compensates for the effect of the CS.
B) can support only so much conditioning.
C) often has unpredictable effects.
D) can support unlimited levels of conditioning.

Question 25

According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory of conditioning, blocking occurs because

A) the US has already taken up most of the available associative strength.
B) familiar stimuli are more difficult to condition.
C) the CS gathers more associative strength than the US.
D) one CS has already taken up the maximum associative value.

Question 26

According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning, if a certain drug has a tendency to increase blood pressure, then just being in an environment associated with taking the drug may

A) decrease blood pressure.
B) stabilize blood pressure.
C) further increase blood pressure.
D) cause wide fluctuations in blood pressure.

Question 27

According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning (and assuming that it is relevant to relationships), it would be easier to go through a marriage break-up

A) if you are married for a long time.
B) if you get into the habit of drinking.
C) if you move to a different apartment from where you had lived with your former partner.
D) if you stay in the same apartment that you had lived in with your partner.

Question 28

According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning (and assuming that it applies to situations such as these), a couple who have been married for many years would be most aroused if they made love

A) in a familiar motel room.
B) in a strange hotel room.
C) in their bedroom.
D) following a hangover from alcohol.

Question 29

Given that each drink contains the same amount of alcohol and that you drink each drink at the same rate, you will most likely get drunk quickly if you are drinking a(n) _____ drink.

A) well-known
B) recognizable
C) familiar
D) unfamiliar

Question 30

According to Freud's notions of psychic energy, the investment of more energy in the id (the instinctual component of personality) means that less energy is available for the ego (the rational component of personality). This model is analogous to the _____ theory of classical conditioning.

A) preparatory-response
B) stimulus-substitution
C) Rescorla-Wagner
D) Rescorla-Epling

Question 31

According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, the amount of conditioning that occurs:

A) is unlimited.
B) is unaffected by the number of CSs.
C) is limited and must be distributed among the various CSs available.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 32

In keeping with the _____ model of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when a person injects a normal dosage of the drug in a(n) _____ environment.

A) S-S; familiar
B) compensatory-response; unfamiliar
C) compensatory-response; familiar
D) S-R; unfamiliar

Question 33

Suppose a US supports a maximum associative value of 30. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 10 units of associative value, then the other CS will at most have acquired _____ units of associative value.

A) 15
B) 30
C) 10
D) 20

Question 34

According to the _____ theory, a given US can support only so much conditioning.

A) Rescorla-Wagner
B) opponent process
C) preparatory-response
D) compensatory-response

Question 35

In contradiction to the compensatory-response model of conditioning, the CS for some drugs elicit reactions that

A) mimic the effect of the drug.
B) reduce the effect of the drug.
C) are the opposite of the effect of the drug.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 36

In keeping with the compensatory-response model of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when an addict injects a(n) _____ dosage of a drug in a setting that is _____ to drug use.

A) normal; strongly related
B) unusually large; unrelated
C) normal; unrelated
D) unusually large; strongly related

Question 37

According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if a bell and a light are simultaneously associated with a shock, then the amount of fear elicited by the bell will be

A) the same as that elicited by the light.
B) different from that elicited by the light.
C) unaffected by the amount of conditioning that occurs to the light.
D) affected by the amount of conditioning that occurs to the light.

Question 38

In an experiment, a click is paired with a shock that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. Once the click picks up 15 units of associative value, it is transformed into a compound stimulus by pairing with a scent. Following these pairings, the scent will likely have _____ units of associative value, which is a demonstration of _____.

A) 0; overshadowing
B) 7.5; the overexpectation effect
C) 15; overshadowing
D) 0; blocking

Question 39

In which of the following environments is an average person likely to get intoxicated quickly?

A) In a lounge or bar
B) At a loud, noisy party
C) At a small, quiet party
D) While taking a shower

Question 40

A compound stimulus consists of a buzzer and a light flash, each of which has 0 units of associative value. This compound stimulus is then repeatedly paired with a sweet drink that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. Following these pairings, the buzzer has acquired 14 units of associative value. This means that the light flash has at most acquired _____ of associative value which is a demonstration of _____.

A) 1 unit; overshadowing
B) 1 unit; blocking
C) 15 units; simple conditioning
D) 14 units; the overexpectation effect

Question 41

Don was equally attracted to Sasha and Dominique, whom he dated separately. Over time, he learned to become very aroused by Sasha's style of dress and by Dominique's perfume. Later, he struck up a relationship with Marnie, who dressed like Sasha and wore the same perfume as Dominique. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, the amount of arousal Don experiences from the perfume alone will most likely _____.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) remain the same
D) fluctuate

Question 42

If we inherit a tendency to learn fears by observation, then the display of fear by others serves as a(n) _____ for a fear response in ourselves.

A) NS
B) US
C) UR
D) CS

Question 43

In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the US was a _____.

A) rat
B) loud noise
C) shock
D) Santa Claus mask

Question 44

In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the CS was a _____.

A) rat
B) loud noise
C) steel bar
D) Santa Claus mask

Question 45

In general, phobias represent a process of _____.

A) discrimination
B) dishabituation
C) overgeneralization
D) reciprocal inhibition

Question 46

In the "Little Albert" experiment, the loud noise is to the white rat as a _____ is to a _____.

A) CS; NS
B) US; CS
C) CS; US
D) UR; CS

Question 47

An aversive blast of air has a maximum associative value of 15 units. A compound stimulus consisting of a click and a scent is repeatedly paired with the puff of air, until the maximum conditioning has been reached. The scent acquires 13 units of associative value. This means that the click must have acquired _____ units of associative value which is an example of _____.

A) 13; overshadowing
B) 2; blocking
C) 2; overshadowing
D) 13; blocking

Question 48

In a conditioning experiment, to say that a CS has high associative value is equivalent, in more cognitive terms, to saying that

A) the subject expects that the CS will be followed by the US.
B) the CS is a good predictor of the US.
C) the CS is a good substitute for the US.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 49

A click and a scent are separately paired with a shock and each conditioned to the maximum associative value. The click and the scent are then combined into a compound stimulus and subjected to further pairings with the shock. This is most likely an experiment on the _____ effect.

A) blocking
B) overexpectation
C) overshadowing
D) sensory preconditioning

Question 50

In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the rat was

A) initially the CS.
B) initially an NS.
C) a US.
D) a UR.

Question 51

During the Second World War, a major predictor of whether children developed an intense fear of air raids was whether their mothers

A) were fearful.
B) paid attention to them for being fearful.
C) failed to comfort them when they were fearful.
D) were divorced.

Question 52

In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, Albert's fear of the _____ was regarded as evidence of stimulus generalization.

A) rat
B) loud noise
C) Sant a Claus mask
D) steel bar

Question 53

Temperament is an individual's

A) level of emotional intuitiveness.
B) level of emotional reactivity.
C) level of cognitive capacity.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 54

Which of the following observations demonstrates the limitations of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert experiment as an example of phobic conditioning?

A) The rat had to be repeatedly paired with the loud noise.
B) Albert's fear started to diminish following a rest period of several days.
C) Albert's fear was easily diminished by thumb sucking.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 55

In the context of the debates on the real "Little Albert," which of the following conclusions can be drawn regarding the claim that Douglas Merritte was "Little Albert"?

A) It has been confirmed.
B) It has been debunked.
C) It is nearly certain.
D) It is unclear.

Question 56

During the Second World War, the vast majority of people exposed to air raids developed

A) temporary fear reactions that quickly disappeared.
B) intense fear reactions that took several years to disappear.
C) repressed fear reactions that never disappeared.
D) repressed fear reactions that grew worse as years passed.

Question 57

If we have an innate tendency to acquire conditioned fears through the observation of fearful reactions in others, then the look of fear in others must be functioning as a(n) _____.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) discriminative stimulus
D) neutral stimulus

Question 58

Selby receives invitations to attend two events taking place on the same day. While one invitation is from a distant cousin, the other one is from a close friend. Though she wants to attend both, she decides to attend the function hosted by her close friend. Selby's behavior illustrates the _____ theory of classical conditioning.

A) stimulus-substitution
B) Rescorla-Wagner
C) compensatory-response
D) stimulus-response

Question 59

A click and a scent are each separately paired with a shock and conditioned to a maximum associative value. The click and scent are then combined into a compound stimulus and subjected to further pairings with the same shock. A likely result is that the associative value of one CS will _____ and the associative value of the other CS will _____.

A) decrease; increase
B) decrease; also decrease
C) remain unchanged; remain unchanged
D) increase; also increase

Question 60

Which of the following factors suggests that Little Albert did not grow up to have a phobia of furry objects?

A) Little Albert had been exposed to only one pairing of the rat and the loud noise.
B) Little Albert did not have the kind of temperament often associated with phobias.
C) Rats are not an appropriate stimulus for phobic conditioning.
D) Little Albert already hated rats.

Question 61

Antonio is stung by a bee during a trip. After that incident, he develops a fear of bees and hides whenever he sees one. These brief encounters with bees may result in a(n)  _____ in Antonio's fear response, which illustrates the process known as _____.

A) decrease; incubation
B) increase; selective sensitization
C) increase; incubation
D) decrease; selective sensitization

Question 62

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the influence of temperament on the development of phobias?

A) Paula is more afraid of insects than she is afraid of lizards.
B) Burton is more afraid of heights than Benny is.
C) Rachel starts fearing snakes after she learns that her best friend is afraid of snakes.
D) Vivian is more afraid of ghosts than he is afraid of thieves.

Question 63

The process of _____ is the strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of _____ exposures to an aversive CS.

A) selective sensitization; prolonged
B) incubation; prolonged
C) selective sensitization; brief
D) incubation; brief

Question 64

People acquire a fear of snakes easily as opposed to a fear of birds. This is an example of the effect of _____. Certain people acquire a fear of snakes more easily than other people do. This is an example of the effect of _____.

A) preparedness; US revaluation
B) US revaluation; preparedness
C) temperament; preparedness
D) preparedness; temperament

Question 65

Researchers have found that monkeys can develop fear reactions through observational learning when the feared object is a _____ event.

A) fear-relevant
B) fear-irrelevant
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) None of the above are correct.

Question 66

The concept of _____ refers to an innate disposition to learn certain types of behaviors or certain types of associations more easily than others.

A) temperament
B) incubation
C) preparedness
D) selective sensitization

Question 67

Arlo was once attacked by a crow in a marketplace. After that incident, he develops a fear of crows and runs away each time he encounters one. According to the concept of _____, Arlo's withdrawal may result in a(n) _____ in his fear response.

A) incubation; increase
B) incubation; decrease
C) US revaluation; increase
D) US revaluation; decrease

Question 68

During a counseling session, Stan is told that he has been permanently damaged by the abuse he suffered as a child. After the session, he starts experiencing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In this scenario, Stan's behavior illustrates the process of _____.

A) incubation
B) US revaluation
C) selective sensitization
D) stimulus generalization

Question 69

Shawna is terrified of cats as she was bitten by a cat in her childhood. She consciously avoids encountering cats and leaves places quickly if she happens to see one. As explained by the process of _____, these brief encounters may _____ Shawna's fear of cats.

A) incubation; reduce
B) incubation; enhance
C) selective sensitization; enhance
D) selective sensitization; reduce

Question 70

Valentine (1930) was unable to replicate Watson and Rayner's results when he attempted to condition his little daughter to become fearful of some inanimate objects. This provided some of the earliest evidence for the importance of _____ in phobic development.

A) selective sensitization
B) incubation
C) observational learning
D) preparedness

Question 71

Through the process of _____, a person's reactivity to a potentially fearful stimulus could increase following exposure to an unrelated stressful event.

A) US revaluation
B) incubation
C) selective sensitization
D) preparedness

Question 72

Through the process of selective sensitization, a person's fears may strengthen following exposure to

A) a US of much greater intensity.
B) a CS of much greater intensity.
C) an unfamiliar stimulus.
D) a stressful event of some sort.

Question 73

Valentine (1930) failed when he tried to produce a phobia in his young daughter by blowing a loud whistle when she touched certain objects. He speculated that this was because

A) the objects were ones that people are not naturally inclined to fear.
B) the whistle was not loud enough.
C) i t is difficult to condition a fear response using an auditory stimulus.
D) his daughter was too young to be conditioned.

Question 74

US revaluation can strengthen a phobia through

A) direct exposure to a stronger US.
B) observational learning.
C) verbally transmitted information.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 75

The ease with which a conditioned fear response is acquired can be affected by _____.

A) temperament
B) observational learning
C) selective sensitization
D) All of these are correct.

Question 76

In an experiment, subjects were exposed to subliminally presented pictures paired with an electric shock. Researchers found that the subjects subsequently displayed signs of conditioned anxiety when the pictures were of

A) flowers and mushrooms.
B) snakes and spiders.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 77

Heather was mildly nervous about skiing after she slightly twisted her ankle during a skiing session. Later, she suffered a serious and painful leg injury in a boating accident. After full recovery, she is now fearful of both boating and skiing. Heather's behavior illustrates the process of _____.

A) US revaluation
B) incubation
C) selective sensitization
D) preparedness

Question 78

The process of _____ is the strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of brief exposures to an aversive CS.

A) preparedness
B) selective sensitization
C) incubation
D) US revaluation

Question 79

Aaron is more reactive to loud noises and sudden events than Kevin is. Using the terminology provided in the text, we would say that there seems to be a difference in _____ between Aaron and Kevin. This difference is to a large extent _____.

A) preparedness; learned
B) temperament; genetically determined
C) preparedness; inherited
D) temperament; learned

Question 80

Although Jolene was always mildly nervous while driving, she became extremely frightened of driving after witnessing a terrible car accident. Jolene's behavior is best described as an example of _____.

A) US revaluation
B) incubation
C) selective sensitization
D) preparedness