Question 1

According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the _____ acts as a substitute for the _____.
A) CS; NS
B) CS; US
C) US; CS
D) NS; US

Accepted Answer

According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the conditioned stimulus (CS) acts as a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 2

If the primary effect of a drug is an increase in heart rate, the UR in a drug conditioning trial is a(n)
A) decrease in heart rate.
B) increase in heart rate.
C) stable heart rate.
D) fluctuation in heart rate.

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

Which of the following observations validates the preparatory-response theory of conditioning?
A) The CS is usually quite different from the US.
B) The CS is often quite similar to the US.
C) The CR and UR are often quite similar.
D) The CR can sometimes be quite different from the UR.

Accepted Answer

The preparatory-response theory suggests that the conditioned response (CR) prepares the organism for the unconditioned stimulus (US), which can result in the CR being quite different from the unconditioned response (UR) as it serves a preparatory function rather than mimicking the UR.

Question 4

The major difficulty with Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is that the _____ are sometimes quite _____.
A) CR and UR; similar
B) CR and UR; different
C) CS and US; similar
D) CS and US; different

Accepted Answer

The major difficulty with Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is that the conditioned responses (CR) and unconditioned responses (UR) can be quite different, challenging the idea that the conditioned stimulus simply substitutes for the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome because
A) the metronome acts as a substitute for the food.
B) the food acts as a substitute for the metronome.
C) the dog has an innate tendency to respond to certain sounds.
D) the salivation helps the dog prepare for the presentation of food.

Accepted Answer

The metronome, through conditioning, becomes a substitute for the food, triggering the same salivary response as the food would. This is the essence of Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, where a conditioned stimulus (the metronome) takes the place of an unconditioned stimulus (food) in eliciting a response (salivation).

Question 6

Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is an example of a(n) _____.
A) S-S model
B) S-R model
C) compensatory-response model
D) preparatory response model

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is an example of an S-S model (stimulus-stimulus model), where a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to produce a similar response.

Question 7

According to the preparatory-response theory of conditioning, the purpose of the _____ is to enable an organism to get ready for the _____.
A) NS; US
B) CR; US
C) UR; US
D) CR; CS

Accepted Answer

The preparatory-response theory of conditioning suggests that the purpose of the conditioned response (CR) is to prepare the organism for the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 8

In a conditioning trial with drugs, drug administration is paired with cues. According to the compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, the US is _____ and the UR is _____.
A) the primary effect of the drug on the body; the compensatory response to the primary effect
B) the sight of the drug; the physiological reaction to the drug
C) the b-process; the a-process
D) the compensatory response to the drug; the primary drug effect

Accepted Answer

The compensatory-response model of drug tolerance suggests that the unconditioned stimulus (US) is the primary effect of the drug on the body, and the unconditioned response (UR) is the body's compensatory response to counteract this primary effect.

Question 9

In an experiment, a rat that receives a foot shock (the US) jumps (the UR). However, when it sees a light (CS) that has been paired with a foot shock, it freezes (the CR).  The fact that a rat's fear response to an aversive CS is likely to be quite _____ its response to the aversive US is best explained by the _____.
A) similar to; opponent process theory
B) different from; S-R theory
C) different from, preparatory-response theory
D) similar to; stimulus-substitution theory

Accepted Answer

The preparatory-response theory suggests that the conditioned response (CR) is different from the unconditioned response (UR) because the CR prepares the organism for the US, rather than directly mirroring the UR. In this case, freezing in anticipation of a shock is different from the jumping response to the shock itself, illustrating the concept of the preparatory-response theory.

Question 10

Who among the following behaviorists proposed the stimulus-substitution theory of classical conditioning?
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Rosalie Rayner
C) John Watson
D) Joseph Wolpe

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov proposed the stimulus-substitution theory of classical conditioning, which suggests that through conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a similar response, effectively substituting for the original unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Karen was once attacked by a robber in her bedroom. After that incident, she feels very afraid to go into her bedroom. In this scenario, Karen's fear is based on a(n) _____ association.
A) S-U
B) S-S
C) S-R
D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

Karen's fear is based on a Stimulus-Stimulus (S-S) association, where the bedroom (stimulus) is directly associated with the fear (another stimulus) due to the past experience of being attacked by a robber.

Question 12

One of the primary effects of the induction of amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. According to the compensatory-response model, in a drug conditioning trial with amphetamine, the US would be a(n) _____ and the UR would be a(n) _____.
A) decrease in heart rate; increase in heart rate
B) increase in heart rate; increase in heart rate
C) increase in heart rate; decrease in heart rate
D) decrease in heart rate; decrease in heart rate

Accepted Answer

The compensatory-response model suggests that the body attempts to counteract the effects of a drug. Therefore, if amphetamine (the unconditioned stimulus, US) causes an increase in heart rate (the unconditioned response, UR), the body's compensatory response would be a decrease in heart rate to balance the effects of the drug.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of the stimulus-substitution theory?
A) It explains why the UR and the CR are substantially different in many instances of conditioning.
B) It explains how a CS elicits a compensatory response after a primary response.
C) It suggests how classical conditioning illustrates the neurological processes in the brain.
D) It describes the effect of each conditioning trial on the strength of a CS in its relationship to a US.

Accepted Answer

The stimulus-substitution theory suggests that classical conditioning occurs because the conditioned stimulus becomes a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a similar response. This theory is often used to explain the neurological processes in the brain that underlie classical conditioning, as it posits that the conditioned stimulus activates the same neural pathways that were originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near her town and, as a result, developed a strong fear of those woods. In this scenario, Suzie's fear of the woods is based on a(n) _____ association.
A) S-R
B) S-S
C) R-S
D) R-R

Accepted Answer

Suzie's fear of the woods is based on an S-S (stimulus-stimulus) association, where the woods (first stimulus) are associated with the snake (second stimulus), leading to fear.

Question 15

According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the
A) CS acts as a substitute for the US.
B) CR becomes associated with the US.
C) UR acts as a substitute for the NS.
D) UR becomes associated with the US.

Accepted Answer

The stimulus-substitution model of conditioning suggests that the conditioned stimulus (CS) comes to act as a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus (US), thereby eliciting the conditioned response (CR).

Question 16

According to the _____ theory, the CR should be quite similar to the UR.
A) stimulus-stimulus
B) stimulus-substitution
C) Rescorla-Wagner
D) preparatory response

Accepted Answer

The stimulus-substitution theory suggests that the conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to a conditioned response (CR) that is similar to the unconditioned response (UR).

Question 17

According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the CS should elicit
A) a response that is different from the UR.
B) a response that is identical to the US.
C) a response that is highly similar to the UR.
D) a response that is somehow related to the NS.

Accepted Answer

The stimulus-substitution model of conditioning suggests that the conditioned stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a response that is highly similar to the unconditioned response (UR), as the CS is substituted for the unconditioned stimulus (US) in the mind of the subject.

Question 18

Dean believes that his black suit is a bad omen because he had an accident the last time he wore it. In this scenario, Dean's belief illustrates the _____ theory of conditioning.
A) compensatory response
B) preparatory response
C) stimulus-substitution
D) compensatory-substitution

Accepted Answer

Dean's belief is an example of the stimulus-substitution theory of conditioning, where the black suit (a neutral stimulus) becomes associated with the accident (an unconditioned stimulus), leading Dean to develop a conditioned response (believing the suit is a bad omen) to the previously neutral stimulus (the suit).

Question 19

Pavlov believed that the process of pairing an NS with a US resulted in the formation of a neural connection between
A) different reflex arcs within the spinal cord.
B) different areas in the cortex that are activated by each type of stimulus.
C) the cortex and the thalamus.
D) sensory and motor regions of the cortex.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov theorized that classical conditioning (pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US)) forms associations between different areas in the cortex that are activated by each type of stimulus. This is because he viewed the cortex as the primary site of learning and believed that the process involved the creation of new neural pathways between the areas activated by the NS and the US.

Question 20

Which of the following theories of conditioning is proved by the classical conditioning of compensatory responses?
A) The R-S theory
B) The S-R theory
C) The stimulus-substitution theory
D) The preparatory-response theory

Accepted Answer

The preparatory-response theory is supported by the classical conditioning of compensatory responses. This theory suggests that conditioned responses prepare the organism for the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus, which in the case of compensatory responses, means the body prepares to counteract the effects of a drug or stimulus before it is administered, demonstrating a preparation for the expected effect.

Quiz 5: Classical Conditioning Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning

According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the _ acts as a substitute for the _.

If the primary effect of a drug is an increase in heart rate, the UR in a drug conditioning trial is a(n)

Which of the following observations validates the preparatory-response theory of conditioning?

The major difficulty with Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is that the _ are sometimes quite _.

According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome because

Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is an example of a(n) _____.

According to the preparatory-response theory of conditioning, the purpose of the _ is to enable an organism to get ready for the _.

In a conditioning trial with drugs, drug administration is paired with cues. According to the compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, the US is _ and the UR is _.

Who among the following behaviorists proposed the stimulus-substitution theory of classical conditioning?

Karen was once attacked by a robber in her bedroom. After that incident, she feels very afraid to go into her bedroom. In this scenario, Karen's fear is based on a(n) _____ association.

One of the primary effects of the induction of amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. According to the compensatory-response model, in a drug conditioning trial with amphetamine, the US would be a(n) _ and the UR would be a(n) _.

Which of the following statements is true of the stimulus-substitution theory?

Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near her town and, as a result, developed a strong fear of those woods. In this scenario, Suzie's fear of the woods is based on a(n) _____ association.

According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the

According to the _____ theory, the CR should be quite similar to the UR.

According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the CS should elicit

Dean believes that his black suit is a bad omen because he had an accident the last time he wore it. In this scenario, Dean's belief illustrates the _____ theory of conditioning.

Pavlov believed that the process of pairing an NS with a US resulted in the formation of a neural connection between

Which of the following theories of conditioning is proved by the classical conditioning of compensatory responses?