Question 1

Smiles in others can function as CSs for pleasant emotions in ourselves because:
A) smiles are often positively reinforced.
B) smiles are often negatively reinforced.
C) smiles are usually associated with pleasurable events.
D) smiles are usually associated with distressing events.

Accepted Answer

Smiles are typically associated with positive and pleasurable events, which can condition us to feel pleasant emotions when we see others smile.

Question 2

Observational learning of a fear response represents a process of _____.
A) higher-order conditioning
B) selective sensitization
C) incubation
D) sensory preconditioning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning of a fear response is a form of higher-order conditioning, where an individual learns to respond with fear to a stimulus by observing another individual's fearful reactions to that stimulus, without having to experience the fear-inducing event directly.

Question 3

Observational learning, or social learning, allows us to acquire new behavior patterns:
A) without direct exposure to the contingencies that control them.
B) through direct exposure to the contingencies that control them.
C) through exposure to positive but not negative consequences.
D) through exposure to negative but not positive consequences.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, or social learning, involves learning new behaviors by observing others and the consequences of their actions, without the need for the observer to directly experience these consequences themselves.

Question 4

Animals using scent marking at food sites is an example of _____.
A) stimulus discrimination
B) discriminative enhancement
C) focused discrimination
D) stimulus enhancement

Accepted Answer

Stimulus enhancement refers to a situation where an individual's attention is drawn to a particular object or location because another individual is interacting with it, such as when animals use scent marking at food sites to attract others or communicate the presence of food.

Question 5

An observer's attention to a model can be facilitated by:
A) reinforcing the model's behavior.
B) reinforcing the observer's behavior of paying attention.
C) enhancing the similarities between the model and the observer.
D) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

All of these strategies can facilitate an observer's attention to a model. Reinforcing the model's behavior can make the model's actions more salient, reinforcing the observer for paying attention can directly encourage the observer to focus on the model, and enhancing similarities between the model and the observer can increase the observer's interest and identification with the model.

Question 6

In stimulus enhancement, the probability of a behavior is changed because:
A) someone else displays the same behavior.
B) an individual's attention is drawn to an item or location by the behavior of another individual.
C) one individual teaches another individual how to respond.
D) the stimulus is physically altered by a model.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus enhancement refers to a situation where an individual's attention is drawn to a particular item or location because of the behavior of another individual, making it more likely that the observer will interact with the same item or location. This does not necessarily involve teaching or imitation but rather an increased likelihood of a behavior due to attention being directed towards a specific stimulus.

Question 7

Vicarious emotional responses are _____ emotional responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others.
A) classically conditioned
B) positively reinforced
C) negatively reinforced
D) Both b and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

Vicarious emotional responses are classically conditioned. This means that individuals learn to respond emotionally in a certain way by observing others experiencing emotions in response to specific stimuli.

Question 8

We are more likely to attend to a model if:
A) we are reinforced for paying attention.
B) the model's behavior is reinforced.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Accepted Answer

Both statements are correct. We are more likely to attend to a model if we are reinforced for paying attention to them (A), and also if the model's behavior is reinforced, making it more attractive or noteworthy for us to observe and potentially imitate (B).

Question 9

Vicki laughs out loud at a joke she is reading from a magazine. One by one, her friends around her start giggling and chuckling as well, even though they are not sure what Vicki is laughing about. One even says "What's so funny?" even though she is already laughing. This scenario illustrates _____.
A) stimulus enhancement
B) contagious behavior
C) imitation
D) a social norm

Accepted Answer

Laughter is known to be contagious; when one person starts laughing, it often triggers laughter in others around them, even if they don't know why the initial person is laughing. This is a natural, unconscious response, illustrating contagious behavior.

Question 10

Which of the following behaviors is most likely an example of contagious behavior?
A) An orienting response
B) Complex problem-solving
C) Daydreaming
D) Reciting poetry

Accepted Answer

An orienting response is a reflexive reaction to a new or significant stimulus, such as turning one's head towards the source of a sound. This can be contagious in groups, as when one person looks up, others may also look up to see what has caught their attention.

Question 11

In _____, information is gained from watching a model, which then allows the person who is watching to modify his or her own behavior.
A) discrimination training
B) sign-tracking
C) imprinting
D) observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves gaining information from observing others, which then enables the observer to modify their own behavior accordingly. This concept is central to social learning theory.

Question 12

Which of the following behaviors is NOT an example of contagious behavior?
A) Laughing along with someone even when you do not know what he or she is laughing at
B) Yawning when someone else yawns
C) Looking toward the direction in which your teacher is looking
D) Unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously

Accepted Answer

Contagious behaviors are actions that are easily spread or mimicked among individuals within a group, often unconsciously, such as laughing, yawning, or looking in the same direction as others. Unlocking a door that someone else previously unlocked is not a contagious behavior but rather a learned or imitative action based on a specific need or purpose, not an automatic or unconscious mimicry.

Question 13

Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others are called _____.
A) cathartic responses
B) vicarious emotional responses
C) covert emotional responses
D) reflexive emotions

Accepted Answer

Vicarious emotional responses are emotional reactions that are classically conditioned by observing those reactions in others, rather than experiencing the triggering event directly.

Question 14

When Bernadette glanced toward a video arcade, she saw a number of kids standing in line for a new game. Later, when the arcade had quieted down a bit, she went in and tried out the game herself. Her behavior is best described as an example of _____.
A) stimulus enhancement
B) vicarious imitation
C) true imitation
D) stimulus sensitization

Accepted Answer

Stimulus enhancement refers to a situation where an individual's interest in an object or location is increased after observing others interacting with it. Bernadette's interest in the game was piqued after seeing other kids lining up for it, which is a classic example of stimulus enhancement.

Question 15

Jill directs Jessica to a new website that hosts computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually finds out how to play the various games available. In this scenario, Jessica's behavior illustrates _____.
A) vicarious imitation
B) stimulus enhancement
C) stimulus sensitization
D) true imitation

Accepted Answer

Stimulus enhancement refers to a situation where an individual's interaction with or attention to an object or location is influenced by the observation of another individual interacting with or attending to that same object or location. In this scenario, Jessica's interest and engagement with the website and its games were enhanced by Jill directing her to the website, making "stimulus enhancement" the correct term for her behavior.

Question 16

_____ is a more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in another individual.
A) Copying
B) Imitation
C) Contagious behavior
D) Stimulus enhancement

Accepted Answer

Contagious behavior is a type of behavior that is automatically triggered by the same behavior in another individual, acting almost like a reflex or instinct. For example, seeing someone yawn often makes others around them yawn as well.

Question 17

I feel good when I see someone smile. This pleasurable feeling is:
A) called a vicarious emotional response.
B) at least partly the result of classical conditioning.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Accepted Answer

The pleasurable feeling from seeing someone smile is both a vicarious emotional response, where you feel an emotion in response to someone else's emotional expression, and partly the result of classical conditioning, where your positive response could be conditioned by past experiences associating smiles with positive outcomes.

Question 18

When we are frightened after observing a look of fear in others, the look of fear in others may be functioning as:
A) a CS or a US.
B) a CR or a UR.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Accepted Answer

The look of fear in others can serve as a conditioned stimulus (CS) if we have learned to associate it with something frightening, or as an unconditioned stimulus (US) if it innately triggers a fear response in us without prior learning.

Question 19

We can acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to contingencies through _____.
A) instructions
B) observational learning
C) latent inhibition
D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

Instructions and observational learning both allow individuals to acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to contingencies, meaning they can learn from verbal directions or by watching others, respectively.

Question 20

Contagious behavior is associated with behaviors such as _____.
A) fear responses
B) yawning
C) orienting responses
D) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Contagious behaviors include a range of automatic responses to others' actions or emotions, such as fear responses, yawning, and orienting responses, where individuals automatically attend to what others are focusing on.

Quiz 11: Observational Learning and Rule Governed Behavior

Smiles in others can function as CSs for pleasant emotions in ourselves because:

Observational learning of a fear response represents a process of _____.

Observational learning, or social learning, allows us to acquire new behavior patterns:

Animals using scent marking at food sites is an example of _____.

An observer's attention to a model can be facilitated by:

In stimulus enhancement, the probability of a behavior is changed because:

Vicarious emotional responses are _____ emotional responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others.

We are more likely to attend to a model if:

Vicki laughs out loud at a joke she is reading from a magazine. One by one, her friends around her start giggling and chuckling as well, even though they are not sure what Vicki is laughing about. One even says "What's so funny?" even though she is already laughing. This scenario illustrates _____.

Which of the following behaviors is most likely an example of contagious behavior?

In _____, information is gained from watching a model, which then allows the person who is watching to modify his or her own behavior.

Which of the following behaviors is NOT an example of contagious behavior?

Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others are called _____.

When Bernadette glanced toward a video arcade, she saw a number of kids standing in line for a new game. Later, when the arcade had quieted down a bit, she went in and tried out the game herself. Her behavior is best described as an example of _____.

Jill directs Jessica to a new website that hosts computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually finds out how to play the various games available. In this scenario, Jessica's behavior illustrates _____.

_____ is a more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in another individual.

I feel good when I see someone smile. This pleasurable feeling is:

When we are frightened after observing a look of fear in others, the look of fear in others may be functioning as:

We can acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to contingencies through _____.

Contagious behavior is associated with behaviors such as _____.