Deck 21: Nursing Research: Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis

Question 1

How does information literacy affect NI in the 21st century?

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

Provide a detailed description of how NI facilitates both qualitative and quantitative research.

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

Reflect on copyright law and why it is needed. Suppose you determine that photographs or other images can be replicated based on your assessment of fair use, but your administrative assistant refuses to photocopy them because he feels that it is copyright infringement and against company policy. Describe in detail how you would handle this situation.

Answer 3

No Answer

Question 4

Information literacy is an intellectual framework for finding, understanding, evaluating, and using information. These activities are accomplished in part through:

A) fluency with information technology.
B) sound investigative methods.
C) critical reasoning and discernment.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following are professional databases?

A) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
B) MEDLINE
C) PsycInfo
D) All of these are correct.

Question 6

____________ allow users to surf the Web and find information on nearly anything, although many researchers steer clear of them because of the vast amounts of unsubstantiated information they are likely to uncover.

A) Search engines
B) Browsers
C) Web pages
D) All of these are correct.

Question 7

Different Web address (domain) suffixes indicate who is responsible for creating the website. A Web address sponsored by the government would have which suffix?

A) .com
B) .edu
C) .org
D) .gov

Question 8

Different Web address (domain) suffixes indicate who is responsible for creating the website. A Web address sponsored by an educational institution would have which suffix?

A) .com
B) .edu
C) .org
D) .gov

Question 9

One should never blindly trust information found on a webpage. When possible, you should check:

A) the date of the most recent update.
B) contact information.
C) links to external sources and previous attained knowledge from other reputable sources.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 10

_____________ laws in the world of technology are notoriously misunderstood. The same laws that cover physical books, artwork, and other creative material apply in the digital world and violations can lead to prosecution.

A) Fair use
B) Copyright
C) Public domain All of these are correct.

Question 11

Database management systems consist of software designed to collect, sort, organize, store, retrieve, select, and aggregate data. Nursing and health data may be classified into four basic types:

A) (1) resource data, (2) patient and client demographics, (3) activity data, and (4) health service provider data.
B) (1) financial data, (2) patient demographics, (3) activity data, and (4) health insurance data.
C) (1) academic data, (2) client demographics, (3) pharmacologic data, and (4) laboratory data.
D) (1) background data, (2) health provider information, (3) organizational data, and (4) health administrator data.

Question 12

Quantitative data collection tools or instruments generate numerical data rather than text-based data. Examples of these types of tools include:

A) questionnaires.
B) interviews, e-mail interviews, and surveys, including Web-based surveys.
C) quizzes and assessments.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 13

______ is the process by which data collected during the course of a study are processed to identify trends and patterns of relationships.

A) Data warehousing
B) Data analysis
C) Database management
D) Data setting

Question 14

Which of the following is a major source of qualitative data?

A) In-depth interview
B) Direct observation
C) Written document
D) All of these are correct.

Question 15

________ is a type of study in which two groups of people are identified, one with an exposure of interest and another without the exposure. The two groups are followed forward to determine whether the outcome of interest occurs. Groups are defined based on whether they have had an exposure to a particular risk factor.

A) Case control research
B) Focus group research
C) Cohort research
D) Outcome research

Question 16

________ is a type of study in which patients who have an outcome of interest and patients who do not have the outcome are identified; the researcher then looks back in time (typically using health records) to determine exposures and experiences that could have contributed to the outcome occurring or not occurring.

A) Case control research
B) Focus group research
C) Cohort research
D) Outcome research

Question 17

Information literacy initiates, sustains, and extends lifelong learning through abilities that may use technologies but are ultimately independent of them.

Question 18

The Foundation of Knowledge model suggests that the most important aspect of information discovery, retrieval, and delivery is the ability to acquire, process, generate, and disseminate knowledge in ways that help those managing the knowledge reevaluate and rethink the way they understand and use what they know and have learned.

Question 19

New challenges arise for individuals seeking to understand and evaluate information because information is available through multiple media (graphical, aural, and textual). Most significantly, information literacy forms the basis for lifelong learning, serving as a commonality among all learning environments, disciplines, and levels of education.

Question 20

Because nursing informatics combines all four nursing practice areas (clinical, research, administration, and education), the ability to recognize the need for a specific kind of information and then locate, evaluate, and effectively use that information within the nursing informatics paradigm will catapult nurses ahead of other healthcare professionals in applying and engaging various facets of technology.

Question 21

Web hosts develop new domain suffixes constantly, so although looking at the suffix can be useful, it should not be the sole deciding factor when choosing to trust information.

Question 22

Making full use of available library resources serves to strengthen information literacy skills, enabling learners to master content and extend their investigations, become more self-directed, and assume greater control over their own learning.

Question 23

Before data can be analyzed or critically reviewed to determine outcomes or assessment, they must be collected and aggregated.

Question 24

Free text (informational data, such as drug dosages administered, resources used, and problems diagnosed) is recorded electronically. Free text is then interpreted and organized by some standardizing principle, either manually or by computer.

Question 25

A key benefit of using electronic data collection is the ability to transmit data to another computer directly for compilation and analysis, thereby cutting down on the risk of error.

Question 26

An important issue associated with Internet-based data collection is whether participants actually are who they say they are, and whether they actually have the variable of interest or are just pretending to be someone or something they are not.

Question 27

Harder-to-measure, nonnumerical qualitative data can be collected electronically in the form of a narrative or diary-like entry. Much in the way free text is analyzed and sorted, this narrative dialogue is assessed and then coded, looking for patterns and themes that represent the phenomenon under study.

Question 28

Qualitative data focus on numbers and frequencies, with the goal of describing a situation or looking for more robust relationships such as correlations and specific variable contributions to an outcome. This aim stands in contrast to quantitative analysis, which focuses on experiences and meaning.

Question 29

Qualitative data are more concerned with describing meaning than with drawing statistical inferences; what is lost in reliability (faulty transcription, forgotten details, and so forth) is gained in validity. Although qualitative data rely on judgments, they can still be manipulated numerically, much in the same way that quantitative data can be open to judgment.

Question 30

Computers can aid greatly in the storage, tabulation, and retrieval of qualitative data by acting as the equivalent of an electronic filing cabinet. Data analysis can also be aided by simple data management programs, such as Excel, Access, or NVivo, in which a user can categorize data and link categories with key words.

Question 31

Data can be converted into information and knowledge by either inductive or deductive reasoning. Most qualitative methods use an inductive approach in which the researcher generates hypotheses (versus the deductive approach typical of quantitative studies, in which hypotheses are tested).

Question 32

Data analysis in quantitative studies may allow the researcher to make inferences to a population beyond the sample, as long as the sample was representative of the population. In contrast, generalizing to a larger population is not a goal of qualitative research. Rather, in qualitative research the goals are exploration and deeper understanding of a phenomenon that has not been widely studied.

Question 33

Information literacy is directly related to knowledge generation and lifelong learning.

Question 34

A healthcare provider is performing a literature search on mental health disorders. Which database would be most useful for the healthcare provider to search?

A) PsycInfo
B) Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
C) Medline
D) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)

Question 35

A nursing student is writing a paper and is using information retrieved from the Internet. Which statement by the nursing instructor is correct?

A) "Do not use information from the Internet without permission to do so or without citing the reference correctly."
B) "Information from the Internet does not require a permission if an author is not listed."
C) "All information from the Internet is not reliable and should not be included in your papers."
D) "As long as you cite the reference, you can use and distribute the information freely."

Question 36

A nurse is collecting data on a patient's age, gender, and educational level. The nurse would classify the data as which of the following?

A) Patient demographic data
B) Resource data
C) Health service provider data
D) Activity data

Question 37

A nursing instructor is teaching data analysis in a nursing resource course. Which statement by the nursing instructor is correct?

A) "Data analysis is the process by which data are processed to identify trends and patterns of relationships."
B) "Data analysis is the process in which data are organized meaningfully."
C) "Data analysis focuses on the collection of numerical data and frequencies."
D) "Data analysis is the use of specialized databases and statistical packages."

Question 38

A nurse researcher is using electronic data collection, which has which of the following benefits?

A) Electronic data collection is easier because it can be transmitted to another computer directly for compilation and analysis.
B) Electronic data collection is secure and does not require data from participants to be deidentified.
C) Qualitative data are easier to interpret when collected electronically.
D) The rights and privacy of research participants are easier to protect in an electronic data collection.

Question 39

A nurse researcher is collecting qualitative data. Which research tool would be used to collect data?

A) Conversation transcripts
B) Model building
C) Numerical data
D) Hypothesis testing results

Question 40

A nurse researcher collects qualitative, free text data. Which of the following is the next step in the research process?

A) The nurse researcher will organize and combine the data into a specific context to convey particular meanings.
B) The nurse researcher will sort and aggregate the numerical data into a data analysis software system.
C) The nurse researcher will collate data and determine if the data are valid for the study.
D) The nurse researcher will deidentify the data to review study enrollment and participation.

Question 41

How should a nursing student go about reviewing a webpage to see if the information is up to date?

A) Check the date of the most recent update.
B) Check for a bibliography or list of sources provided.
C) Check the links to external sources.
D) Check to see if the website ends in .gov.

Question 42

Quantitative data are more concerned with describing meaning than with making statistical inferences.

Question 43

Manual data entry has a greater risk of error than does computerized entry.

Question 44

A nurses is researching a nursing topic and will include references from alternative medicine research in the literature review. Which database should the nurse use?

A) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
B) Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
C) PsycInfo
D) Medline

Question 45

A nurse has downloaded a patient education handout from an outside proprietary company while at work and did not request permission from the author to distribute the handout to patients. Whom has violated copyright?

A) The company that holds rights to the document
B) The healthcare organization where the nurse works
C) The author of the document
D) The patients

Question 46

A nurse researcher is concerned about the completeness, consistency, and accuracy of data and will use which data collection tool to reduce the risk of error?

A) Web-based survey
B) Face-to-face interviews
C) Handwritten questionnaire
D) Focus group assessments

Question 47

A nurse researcher is reviewing data on the frequencies of a symptom in a computerized database. This type of data is which of the following?

A) Quantitative data
B) Qualitative data
C) Inductive data
D) Exploratory data

Question 48

A nurse researcher is dividing participants into two groups based on whether they have had an exposure to a specific risk factor. Which type of research is being conducted?

A) Quantitative research
B) Qualitative research
C) Direct observational research
D) Case control research

Question 49

A nurse researcher is using Internet-based data collection. Which of the following would be a relevant concern for the nurse?

A) Participants are valid enrollees regarding the variable of interest.
B) Participants keep enrollment in the study private.
C) Participants maintain data security.
D) Participants are not posting study information on social media.

Question 50

A nurse researcher is reviewing health records to determine exposures that could have contributed to the outcome of interest in a group of patients. This is which type of research?

A) Case control research
B) Cohort research
C) Randomized research
D) Qualitative research

Question 51

A nursing student would like to strengthen information literacy skills and master didactic content. Which resource should the nursing student use?

A) Library resources
B) Internet search engines
C) Patient blogs
D) Social media

Question 52

Interview responses from research participants provide qualitative data.

Question 53

A nurse researcher can use the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software for intervention research, quality improvement studies, and outcomes research.