Deck 1: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing Practice

Question 1

Match the following
-Substances entering the cell

A) Steady temperature; pH between 7.35 and 7.45; electrolyte balance
B) Oxygen; substances for building complex molecules; substances which act as energy sources
C) Ammonia; carbon dioxide

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Match the following
-Waste products leaving the cell

A) Steady temperature; pH between 7.35 and 7.45; electrolyte balance
B) Oxygen; substances for building complex molecules; substances which act as energy sources
C) Ammonia; carbon dioxide

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Match the following
-Conditions which allow life to continue

A) Steady temperature; pH between 7.35 and 7.45; electrolyte balance
B) Oxygen; substances for building complex molecules; substances which act as energy sources
C) Ammonia; carbon dioxide

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following terms is used to describe the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones?

A) Anabolism
B) Synthesis
C) Homeostasis
D) Catabolism

Question 5

Is the following statement true or false? 'The basic building blocks of proteins are phospholipids'

Question 6

What term is used to describe the metabolic mechanism whereby complex molecules are manufactured from simpler molecules?

Question 7

Which of the following applies to a compound that is a sugar?

A) Because it is a sugar it can also be called a carbohydrate
B) It contains peptide bonds
C) It is a major component of the structural units of cells
D) All of the above are true

Question 8

Which of the following molecules is the primary energy store in living cells?

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) Cyclic AMP
D) ATP

Question 9

What term is used to describe the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the cell or body?

A) Homeostasis
B) Equilibrium
C) pH balance
D) Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

Which of the following pH ranges best matches the pH range found in the majority of body fluids?

A) 7.8-8.0
B) 7.15-7.65
C) 7.2-7.5
D) 7.35-7.45

Question 11

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy of the body?

A) Organ, organ system, cellular, tissue, organism
B) Chemical, cellular, tissue, organism, organ, organ system
C) Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
D) Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical

Question 12

Which of the following groups of organs are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A) Spinal cord, lungs, liver
B) Liver, stomach, heart
C) Brain, spinal cord, liver
D) Gallbladder, stomach, small intestine

Question 13

What does the term proximal mean when applied to an organ?

A) The organ is nearer the front of the body
B) The organ is nearer to the point of attachment of a limb, or origin of a body part
C) The organ is further from the point of attachment of a limb, or origin of a body part
D) The organ is nearer to the mid-line

Question 14

Match the numbers on the diagram of the female pelvic region to the correct organs and structures
-

Question 15

Match the numbers on the diagram of the male pelvic region to the correct organs and structures
-

Question 16

Match the numbers on the diagram of the respiratory system to the correct organs and structures
-

Question 17

Which of the following organelles of a cell increase the surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials?

A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Cilia
C) Microvilli
D) Lysosomes

Question 18

What would be the result if a cell lacked ribosomes?

A) It would be unable to move
B) It would be unable to synthesise proteins
C) It would be unable to synthesise DNA
D) It would be unable to metabolise sugars
E) It would be unable to divide

Question 19

Which compounds (1) form the inherited genetic material inside each cell and (2) relay instructions from the genes to guide protein synthesis?

A) DNA and RNA
B) DNA and ATP
C) RNA and ATP
D) ADP and ATP

Question 20

Which cell organelle is the main location for the production of useable energy in the form of ATP?

A) Ribosome
B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) Golgi apparatus
E) Mitochondrion

Question 21

Which cell organelle contains enzymes that destroy invading microbes or other harmful substances?

A) Mitochondrion
B) Ribosome
C) Centriole
D) Lysosome

Question 22

Proteins are packaged for export in the secretory granules

Question 23

Match the names of each of the structures to the correct number on the diagram of the cell
-

Question 24

Consider a feedback loop where the stimulus is an increase in blood sugar. If the feedback loop is a negative feedback loop, what would be the result of such a stimulus?

A) Increase in blood sugar levels
B) Decrease in blood sugar levels
C) Initial increase in blood sugar levels, followed by a decrease
D) Initial decrease in blood sugar levels, followed by an increase

Question 25

What is the term used to describe the maintenance of a constant internal environment?

Question 26

What is result of the initial stimulus in a positive feedback loop?

A) The stimulus is suppressed
B) The stimulus is switched off
C) There is no effect on the stimulus
D) The stimulus is amplified or exaggerated

Question 27

In systems controlled by negative feedback, the effector response returns the level of the stimulus towards its original level

Question 28

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of messaging between the components of a control system?

A) Control centre, receptors, effectors
B) Receptors, control centre, effectors
C) Receptors, effectors, control system
D) Effectors, control system, receptors

Question 29

Which of the following apply to the control centre?

A) It sets the limits for a specific variable
B) It integrates the information received with other information
C) It sends instructions to change the action of the effector
D) a. and c. above only
E) a., b. and c. above

Question 30

Receptors and ______ communicate with the control centre to form a feedback system that regulates various internal conditions

Question 31

Carbohydrates are broken down into their component parts by the process of anabolism

Question 32

Match the following descriptions with the correct body system
-The system that processes sensory information

A) Urinary/renal
B) Integumentary
C) Digestive
D) Cardiovascular
E) Nervous

Question 33

Match the following descriptions with the correct body system
-The system that delivers nutrients to body tissues

A) Urinary/renal
B) Integumentary
C) Digestive
D) Cardiovascular
E) Nervous

Question 34

Match the following descriptions with the correct body system
-The system that breaks down and absorbs food

A) Urinary/renal
B) Integumentary
C) Digestive
D) Cardiovascular
E) Nervous

Question 35

Match the following descriptions with the correct body system
-The system that includes the fingernails

A) Urinary/renal
B) Integumentary
C) Digestive
D) Cardiovascular
E) Nervous

Question 36

Match the following descriptions with the correct body system
-The system that includes the bladder

A) Urinary/renal
B) Integumentary
C) Digestive
D) Cardiovascular
E) Nervous

Question 37

Which two body systems function to regulate and control body activities?

A) Cardiovascular and urinary
B) Lymphatic and respiratory
C) Reproductive and gastrointestinal
D) Nervous and endocrine

Question 38

What term refers to study of the general structure of an organism?

Question 39

Which term refers to the study of the way in which organisms work and function?

Question 40

Which of the following functions are carried out by the renal system in order to maintain a state of homeostasis within the body?

A) Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
B) Maintenance of pH
C) Supply of nutrients to the body
D) Excretion of nitrogenous waste products
E) Fighting infection

Question 41

Which organ (the largest in the body) plays a major role in the regulation of body temperature?

Question 42

The cardiovascular system supplies oxygen and removes electrolytes from the body

Question 43

The endocrine system provides information about the environment

Question 44

What is the term used to describe fluids located outside the cell membrane?

A) Extracellular
B) Extranuclear
C) Intracellular
D) Cytoplasmic

Question 45

Which compound acts as an energy source for active transport across the cell membrane?

Question 46

Glucose is moved into a cell, down a concentration gradient, using a carrier protein. Therefore transport of glucose into the cell is an example of active transport

Question 47

Which of the following would best describe what is meant by 'diffusion'?

A) The movement of a substance down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
B) The movement of a substance across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient
C) The movement of a substance across the cell membrane by a carrier protein
D) The packaging of proteins for export out of the cell

Question 48

The term 'osmosis' refers to the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane which solute molecules cannot cross

Question 49

Which of the following are features of active transport?

A) Energy in the form of ATP is required
B) Carrier proteins are used to move molecules across the cell membrane
C) Transport of molecules may occur against a concentration gradient
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 50

Bile pigments arise from

A) The breakdown of platelets
B) The breakdown of haemoglobin
C) The breakdown of proteins
D) The breakdown of liver cells

Question 51

Bile salts ______ fats and therefore promote digestion and absorption of fats

Question 52

Complete the following statement
The acid chyme that enters the small intestine is neutralised by the _______________ secretions from the pancreas

Question 53

Complete the following statement
The endocrine secretions of the pancreas regulate the metabolism of ___________

Question 54

Identify from the following those statements that apply to the pancreas

A) Secretions are alkaline
B) Secretions contain enzymes that digest fat
C) Secretions are acidic
D) Secretions contain precursors of protein-digesting enzymes
E) Secretions enter the intestine through the pyloric sphincter
F) Release of secretions is stimulated by the acid content of chyme

Question 55

Nutrients other than fats are carried to the liver in the

A) Intestinal vein
B) Hepatic artery
C) Gastric artery
D) Hepatic portal vein

Question 56

The proteolytic enzymes arising from the pancreas

A) Are activated by intestinal secretions
B) Are secreted in precursor form
C) Digest carbohydrates in the intestine
D) b. and c. above
E) a. and b. above

Question 57

Complete the following statement
In the intestinal phase of the regulation of gastric secretion, the chyme entering the intestine stimulates secretion of a hormone which __________ gastric activity

Question 58

Complete the following statement
The acid content of chyme entering the intestine stimulates hormone release which initiates secretion of __________ __________

Question 59

Complete the following statement
Sympathetic nervous activity _____________ gastric activity

Question 60

Complete the following statement
The three phases of gastric activity are cephalic, gastric and _________ phases

Question 61

Complete the following statement
The _____________ plexus is within the submucosa and regulates the secretory activity of the endothelium

Question 62

Food entering the stomach can initiate the gastro-colic reflex, where

A) the contents of the colon are rapidly moved towards the rectum
B) the person feels the need to defecate
C) it is strongest after breakfast
D) a. and d. above
E) all of these

Question 63

Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic nervous system is not true?

A) It is active when the person is prepared for fight or flight
B) It enhances the motility of the gastrointestinal tract
C) It increases digestion and absorption
D) It includes the vagus nerve

Question 64

Glycerol and fatty acids (recombined as triglycerides) take which of the following pathways into the blood?

A) Lacteals in villi, hepatic portal vein, liver
B) Lacteals in villi, lymphatics, subclavian vein
C) Capillaries, lymphatics, hepatic portal vein
D) Lymphatics, lacteals in villi, subclavian vein

Question 65

Match the nutrients with the products of digestion
-Proteins

A) Monosaccharides
B) Amino acids
C) Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 66

Match the nutrients with the products of digestion
-Carbohydrates

A) Monosaccharides
B) Amino acids
C) Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 67

Match the nutrients with the products of digestion
-Fats

A) Monosaccharides
B) Amino acids
C) Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 68

Most products of fat digestion are absorbed into

A) Capillaries
B) Veins
C) Lacteals
D) Arterioles
E) Interstitial fluid

Question 69

Protein breakdown begins in the ______

Question 70

When glucose levels are low, new glucose is made from ______

Question 71

Which of the following organs is usually dependent on glucose as an energy source?

A) Heart
B) Stomach
C) Brain
D) Liver

Question 72

Complete the following statement
The ________ _________ controls the movement of chyme into the small intestine

Question 73

Complete the following statement
Contents of the gut are continually re-exposed to the intestinal wall by _____________ movements

Question 74

Lacteals

A) Increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine
B) Transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the blood
C) Produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine
D) Produce digestive enzymes

Question 75

The large intestine carries out which of the following?

A) Absorbs water, digests and absorbs proteins, synthesises vitamin K
B) Absorbs mineral salts and vitamins, absorbs digested fats, moves contents into rectum by mass movement
C) Synthesises vitamin K, absorbs water, absorbs minerals and vitamins
D) Moves contents into rectum by mass movements, absorbs water and electrolytes, synthesises vitamin K

Question 76

The small intestine carries out which of the following?

A) Movement of intestinal contents towards the large intestine, protection against infection by lymphoid tissue, eliminates waste products
B) Absorption of nutrients, movement of intestinal contents towards the large intestine, protection against infection by lymphoid tissue
C) Absorption of nutrients, completion of digestion of nutrients, absorbs water from chyme
D) Protection against infection by lymphoid tissue, completion of digestion of nutrients, absorbs water from chyme

Question 77

The stomach

A) Begins digestion and absorption of glucose
B) Kills micro-organisms which enter the stomach
C) Absorbs water and alcohol
D) a. and c. above
E) b. and c. above

Question 78

Which type of meal stays in the stomach the longest?

A) A high protein meal
B) A liquidised meal
C) A fatty meal
D) A carbohydrate meal

Question 79

A sphincter is

A) A ring of muscle around a tubular organ which controls passage of contents
B) A flap of tissue which prevents food entering the nasal cavity
C) A structure which prevents fluid entering the lungs
D) A tissue which secretes enzymes into the stomach

Question 80

Digestion includes the following processes

A) Conversion of large molecules in the diet to small molecules
B) Churning of contents in the gut
C) Nutrients pass across the walls of the gastrointestinal tract into the body
D) Moving contents along the gut