Deck 29: The Pursuit of Utopia: Civil Society in the Twentieth Century

Question 1

A probable contributing factor to the rise of individualism in the West was

A) the Second Vatican Council.
B) the economic depression of the 1950s to 1960s.
C) increasing religious fundamentalism during the post-war period.
D) the high unemployment rates following the war.

Answer 1

the Second Vatican Council.

Question 2

Most who fear globalization worry that it will lead to

A) Americanization.
B) cultural diversity.
C) a plural world.
D) a new Europeanization of the globe.

Answer 2

Americanization.

Question 3

Economies in Latin America generally faltered and fell during the late twentieth century because

A) dropping population rates created a labor shortage.
B) an over-reliance on the Soviet Union by most Latin American countries proved disastrous after that country disintegrated in 1991.
C) a lack of investment and loans from Western countries left Latin America without capital.
D) authoritarian regimes mismanaged the economy and prices for basic export commodities fell.

Answer 3

authoritarian regimes mismanaged the economy and prices for basic export commodities fell.

Question 4

Japanese business culture after the 1950s differed greatly from Western business culture in that

A) companies in Japan tended to be state-owned.
B) workers sacrificed an independent social life and were infused with corporate loyalty.
C) companies tended to lay off workers more readily and regularly than in the West.
D) Japanese businessmen generally invest less of their profits back into their corporations.

Question 5

Japan became the second largest economy in the world in

A) 1962.
B) 1969.
C) 1975.
D) 1881.

Question 6

All of the following successes can be attributed to government health policies EXCEPT:

A) the ending of major outbreaks of diseases like smallpox and polio.
B) the turning of previously common habits like smoking into pariah activities.
C) the bringing of health care to millions of working class and poor individuals.
D) a reduction in medical costs.

Question 7

In China during the 1960s,the generation gap and potential rebellion of the youth was

A) defeated after a series of street protests and uprisings.
B) channeled into the Cultural Revolution.
C) demonstrated by their adoption of Western clothing styles and musical tastes.
D) deflected by their being drafted into the army for a series of expansionist wars.

Question 8

One profound change that occurred in the West as a result of counter-colonization was

A) a rising popularity in the West of Eastern religions and philosophies.
B) more learning of Eastern languages by Westerners.
C) a lessening of tensions between Westerners and non-Westerners.
D) the end of allegiance tests in countries like the Netherlands and Great Britain.

Question 9

Women have been heads of state or prime ministers in

A) Mexico, Argentina, France, and Spain.
B) Greece, Ireland, Israel, and Indonesia.
C) Israel, Bangladesh, Great Britain and Germany.
D) the United States, Turkey, Italy and Angola.

Question 10

The single event that was most critical in encouraging regimentation and collectivism in Western countries was

A) the Great Depression.
B) the First World War.
C) the Second World War.
D) the Russian Revolution.

Question 11

The following all led to inflation during the last decades of the twentieth century EXCEPT:

A) decolonization.
B) government spending.
C) the oil embargo in the 1970s.
D) unemployment.

Question 12

Planned utopian societies failed because not only do people love liberty,but also because

A) the expense of utopian plans was just too great.
B) these societies were chaotic and disrupted planners' expectations.
C) these societies failed to take class differences into account properly.
D) religious beliefs and practices were not adequately considered.

Question 13

Urban guerilla movements in the 1960s and 1970s were commonly made up of

A) alienated youths.
B) peasants and unemployed workers.
C) gangs who were involved in drug trafficking.
D) religious fanatics.

Question 14

The atrocities of the twentieth century were greater than those of earlier times because of changing

A) ideology.
B) levels of education.
C) religion.
D) technology.

Question 15

The mass killing of six million Jews by the Nazi regime was particularly horrific because

A) of the industrialization of the killing process.
B) of the use of victims as human guinea pigs in scientific experimentation.
C) of the use of victims as slave laborers.
D) all of the above

Question 16

Immigration to Australia changed dramatically after 1961 because of

A) the passage of legislation that paid people to move to Australia.
B) the removal of laws that completely restricted migration to Australia.
C) the repeal of its "white Australia" policy.
D) the discovery of gold in Australia and a sudden boom in immigrants.

Question 17

In Japan,the rootless young generation of the late twentieth century was so profoundly different in their rejection of tradition that they were referred to as

A) a new breed.
B) the "me" generation.
C) new humans.
D) Generation X.

Question 18

Malcolm X argued that

A) blacks should return to Africa philosophically and spiritually.
B) Ethiopia was the spiritual homeland of black Americans.
C) all blacks should move to Africa.
D) Western Civilization had originated in Africa.

Question 19

Aside from economic reasons,the largest number of immigrants came to the West primarily because of

A) tyrannies and political instability at home.
B) religious persecution.
C) welfare support.
D) a desire to travel abroad.

Question 20

According to Marxist theorists,individualism was

A) a bourgeois tendency natural to the middle class.
B) a poison that had arisen among the working classes.
C) the ideology of the new knowledge class.
D) something that was reinforced by the industrial economy of the West.

Question 21

How did counter-colonization affect the non-Western world in social and economic terms?

Question 22

One of the greatest problems with globalization was that

A) too few countries possess either natural resources or goods that other countries want to engage in trade for.
B) the discrepancies in education make any equality in trading almost impossible.
C) some countries retained protective tariffs and subsidies, while for others, free trade meant a situation that ruined their national economy.
D) too few countries have a market economy and a democratic system of government to make a truly global economy possible.

Question 23

What new economic forces have arisen because of the new global economy?

Question 24

The country described as the "France of Asia" by its secular ruler in the 1960s is

A) Iran.
B) Jordan.
C) Syria.
D) Turkey.

Question 25

The British philosopher Isaiah Berlin argued that

A) people would only live together peacefully under a single New World Order.
B) a new global consensus in favor of pluralism was necessary.
C) war was in man's nature.
D) any agreement between different peoples was destined not to work.

Question 26

What caused the reaction against big government during the last half of the twentieth century?

Question 27

Karen Armstrong argues that fundamentalism,whether Christian or Muslim,is

A) essentially modern because of its insistence that religion is reducible to matters of undeniable fact.
B) a throwback to a simple faith that society should be a certain way based on scripture and authority.
C) proof that pluralism is impossible in the modern world.
D) anti-modern because of its focus on ancient texts and behaviors that are rooted in the past.

Question 28

The "Liberation theology" movement was

A) based in Africa and mostly concerned with the establishment of revolutionary governments.
B) a part of the movement for women's rights in the United States.
C) a part of the "New Age" movement that sought an alternative to traditional religion in the West.
D) primarily based in Latin America and was strongly concerned with social justice.

Question 29

What common cause underlies the majority of atrocities during the twentieth century? Why did they take place on such an enormous scale?

Question 30

What factors brought about the rise of individualism as an important ideal in the West?

Question 31

Did the democratic powers win World War II on the battlefield but lose it ideologically? What evidence might support such a view?

Question 32

The language known as the universal code of business is

A) Mandarin.
B) English.
C) Arabic.
D) Spanish.

Question 33

How successful was this reaction in actually cutting back the size and intrusiveness of states?

Question 34

What factors led to the dramatic rise of large,expensive,and intrusive states?

Question 35

The "New Age" movement in the West was based on

A) a belief that the end of the world was coming.
B) an astrological belief about the constellation of Pisces.
C) a rejection of spirituality and a belief in rationalism.
D) a belief that prosperity is a sign of God's blessing.

Question 36

The largest potential rival to the American film industry in Hollywood is in

A) Australia.
B) China.
C) India.
D) Morocco.

Question 37

How did counter-colonization affect the cultures of Western Europe and the United States? Why has it created resistance?

Question 38

What is counter-colonization? What social and economic effects did this migration have on Western Europe and the United States?

Question 39

Concern over the human right to life around the world has included all of the following issues EXCEPT:

A) abortion.
B) capital punishment.
C) euthanasia.
D) incarceration.

Question 40

When they have gained political power,fundamentalist regimes have

A) been remarkably tolerant of other faiths.
B) generally followed democratic systems of governance.
C) shown themselves intolerant of other faiths.
D) usually stayed in power for long periods of time.

Question 41

What dangers does fundamentalism pose to,for instance,rational political discourse about science?
In Perspective

Question 42

What major burdens did newly de-colonized nations assume in the second half of the twentieth century and why was civil war so common in former colonial territories?

Question 43

What other reactions have different religions had to secularism and individualism in society?

Question 44

Compare the social effects of the cultural revolution in China with the antiwar and counterculture movement that characterized Western Europe and the United States in the 1960s and early 1970s.

Question 45

What have been the effects of utopianism and the growing power of the state during the twentieth century?

Question 46

How have people reacted to the globalization of the world economy and culture?

Question 47

How has the global economy both reinforced and undermined the vestiges of the old imperial regimes?

Question 48

How has fundamentalism fought back against the growing secularism in societies around the globe?

Question 49

How did traditional as well as new religions respond to secularism? What features do fundamentalist movements have in common around the world?

Question 50

How has globalization affected cultures around the world?