Question 1

In referring to group behavior, what is a 'norm'?&#10;A)The person that acts out the most&#10;B)An expected behavior&#10;C)The group's behavior on a whole&#10;D)An unexpected behavior

Accepted Answer

A 'norm' is an expected behavior that is adhered to by members of the group. Norms are society's definition of how we "should" behave. These norms differ from culture to culture and also from group to group within each culture.
This isn't to say norms shouldn't be questioned, but the counselor can use norms as a contextual frame for guidance.

Question 2

Conforming to group pressure out of a need for acceptance and approval is called _____________.&#10;A)Norm Fruitation&#10;B)Norm Conformation&#10;C)Normative Social Influence&#10;D)Normalization

Accepted Answer

The conformity to group pressure because of a need of acceptance and approval is referred to as Normative Social Influence. This can include such things as asking what everyone is wearing to a certain social function to giving in to destructive or illegal behaviors to maintain acceptance and approval.

Question 3

Every culture has definite 'norms.' One that seems to include all cultures has to do with maintaining an appropriate distance between people. This distance is referred to as _________.&#10;A)Physical Space&#10;B)Interpersonal Distance&#10;C)Appropriate Distance&#10;D)Personal Space

Accepted Answer

The comfortable distance to maintain between people is known as Personal Space. This distance will vary from culture to culture. For instance, Americans seem to like twice as much distance as, say, the Chinese culture. The preferred interpersonal distance will differ according to the situation also.

Question 4

Groups seem to have several influences on an individual; one such influence comes from the need for direction and information and the belief that the group has more knowledge than the individual. This is referred to as ___________________________.

A)Informational Social Influence
B)Individual Need Influence
C)Group Influence Need
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Have you ever bought a specific brand of anything (a cell phone, or ski equipment) because your friend recommended it? You conform not to gain their approval (Normative Social Influence), but because you assume they have more information than you. That is Informational Social Influence.

Question 5

Attractive actors and popular sports stars are paid lots of money to endorse certain products because advertisers know that we want to be as attractive, beautiful, or popular as they are. What is this major factor called?

A)Star Quality Groups
B)Reference Groups
C)Sky High Groups
D)Attractiveness Factor

Accepted Answer

Anyone we admire, like, or want to imitate is in our Reference Group. A funny thing about humans is that we think if we just wear the same kind of outfit, or use the same makeup, or buy the same type of sports shoes, we will be just as gorgeous, athletic, or as talented as our favorite star or personage.
A reference group (sometimes referred to as a social aggregate) is a standard or frame of reference people use when choosing and appraising their own abilities, attitudes, or beliefs.

Question 6

What are the two major forms of social influence?&#10;A)Imitation, Acceptance&#10;B)Personal, Approval&#10;C)Conformity, Obedience&#10;D)Information, Responsibility

Accepted Answer

Conformity and obedience are the two major forms of social influence. When people understand all the factors involved in a situation they can use that knowledge to decide when obedience and/or conformity is appropriate and ethical. Conformity and obedience in the wrong group or portion of society can also be a major influence in the downfall of society.

Question 7

One of the best ways to decrease destructive forms of obedience is by the assignment of _________________.&#10;A)Approval&#10;B)Imitation&#10;C)Obedience&#10;D)Responsibility

Accepted Answer

Research has found when participants are reminded that they will be held responsible for an outcome (harm to others - destruction of property), the destructive obedience is reduced sharply. Responsibility reminders in all actions help participants make their 'own' decisions instead of 'group' decisions.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of conformity?&#10;A)Going along with the group&#10;B)Changing one's behavior because of real or imagined group pressure&#10;C)Doing what is popular at the time&#10;D)Joining a drinking game&#10;E)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Any one of the descriptions above fit conformity. When you conform (or change) your opinions, actions, or thinking to fit into or belong to a group of any size (remember two can be a group), you are giving in to 'conformity.'
Conformity can cause substance abuse in a few ways. One way is that individuals may use substances to fit in with a group or to be accepted by their peers. For example, if someone's friends or social group frequently engages in substance use, that person may feel pressure to conform to that behavior to be part of the group.
Another way conformity can cause substance abuse is by normalizing or trivializing the use of substances. If a group or community views substance use as a standard or acceptable behavior, individuals within that group may be more likely to engage in substance use themselves.
Additionally, some people may not have a strong sense of self-identity or willpower and may turn to substances as escapism. They might conform to using drugs to fit in with a group or because they want to experience the effects of the drugs, which they perceive as desirable.

Question 9

How do you decide why someone did something? It has been found that most people first try to figure out if the person acted as a result of internal or external causes. Harold Kelly gave three criteria for answering the internal-external question; can you find two of them below?

A)Consistency, Fault
B)Mind-set, Distinctiveness
C)Unusual, Consensus
D)Consistency, Consensus

Accepted Answer

The three criteria are Consistency, Consensus, and Distinctiveness. When all three are high, Harold Kelly says we tend to make External Attributions, But when consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency is high, we tend to make Internal Attributions.

Question 10

One error, or shortcut, to deciding internal/external attribution is so prevalent or basic that it is known as _____________.&#10;A)Situational Attribution Error&#10;B)Blaming the Victim&#10;C)Fundamental Attribution Error&#10;D)Any of the above

Accepted Answer

Fundamental Attribution Error is a mistake in judging the causes of others' behavior that comes from the tendency to overestimate internal, personal factors and underestimate external, situational influences.

Question 11

There is a Saliency Bias associated with Attribution. Which statement below most closely describes the meaning?&#10;A)Some personalities/behaviors are more noticeable than situational factors&#10;B)Some people just look/act guilty, so you recognize that&#10;C)It's a kind of cause/effect behavior&#10;D)There's no such thing

Accepted Answer

The answer of There is a Saliency Bias associated with...

Question 12

Narrative therapy seems to be especially useful in what type of circumstances?&#10;A)When looking for a quick solution to a specific problem&#10;B)When people are in crisis&#10;C)When people have been victimized by others&#10;D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Narrative therapy seems to be especially useful...

Question 13

Aaron Beck is the person who developed which therapy?&#10;A)Gestalt therapy&#10;B)Person-centered therapy&#10;C)Existential therapy&#10;D)Cognitive therapy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Aaron Beck is the person who developed...

Question 14

A meta-analysis of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) found that it is very effective for treating which disorder?&#10;A)Posttraumatic Stress Disorder&#10;B)Depression&#10;C)Substance abuse&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of A meta-analysis of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization...

Question 15

For what theory is Harvard psychologist Howard Gardener responsible?&#10;A)Theory of cognitive development&#10;B)Psychogenic needs theory&#10;C)Psychosocial theory&#10;D)Multiple intelligences theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of For what theory is Harvard psychologist Howard...

Deck 6: Groups, Helping Relationships, Research and Program Evaluation