Question 1

In referring to group behavior, what is a 'norm'?
A)The person that acts out the most
B)An expected behavior
C)The group's behavior on a whole
D)An unexpected behavior

Accepted Answer

A 'norm' is an expected behavior that is adhered to by members of the group. Norms are society's definition of how we "should" behave. These norms differ from culture to culture and also from group to group within each culture.
This isn't to say norms shouldn't be questioned, but the counselor can use norms as a contextual frame for guidance.

Question 2

Conforming to group pressure out of a need for acceptance and approval is called _____________.
A)Norm Fruitation
B)Norm Conformation
C)Normative Social Influence
D)Normalization

Accepted Answer

The conformity to group pressure because of a need of acceptance and approval is referred to as Normative Social Influence. This can include such things as asking what everyone is wearing to a certain social function to giving in to destructive or illegal behaviors to maintain acceptance and approval.

Question 3

Every culture has definite 'norms.' One that seems to include all cultures has to do with maintaining an appropriate distance between people. This distance is referred to as _________.
A)Physical Space
B)Interpersonal Distance
C)Appropriate Distance
D)Personal Space

Accepted Answer

The comfortable distance to maintain between people is known as Personal Space. This distance will vary from culture to culture. For instance, Americans seem to like twice as much distance as, say, the Chinese culture. The preferred interpersonal distance will differ according to the situation also.

Question 4

Groups seem to have several influences on an individual; one such influence comes from the need for direction and information and the belief that the group has more knowledge than the individual. This is referred to as ___________________________.
A)Informational Social Influence
B)Individual Need Influence
C)Group Influence Need
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Have you ever bought a specific brand of anything (a cell phone, or ski equipment) because your friend recommended it? You conform not to gain their approval (Normative Social Influence), but because you assume they have more information than you. That is Informational Social Influence.

Question 5

Attractive actors and popular sports stars are paid lots of money to endorse certain products because advertisers know that we want to be as attractive, beautiful, or popular as they are. What is this major factor called?
A)Star Quality Groups
B)Reference Groups
C)Sky High Groups
D)Attractiveness Factor

Accepted Answer

Anyone we admire, like, or want to imitate is in our Reference Group. A funny thing about humans is that we think if we just wear the same kind of outfit, or use the same makeup, or buy the same type of sports shoes, we will be just as gorgeous, athletic, or as talented as our favorite star or personage.
A reference group (sometimes referred to as a social aggregate) is a standard or frame of reference people use when choosing and appraising their own abilities, attitudes, or beliefs.

Question 6

What are the two major forms of social influence?
A)Imitation, Acceptance
B)Personal, Approval
C)Conformity, Obedience
D)Information, Responsibility

Accepted Answer

Conformity and obedience are the two major forms of social influence. When people understand all the factors involved in a situation they can use that knowledge to decide when obedience and/or conformity is appropriate and ethical. Conformity and obedience in the wrong group or portion of society can also be a major influence in the downfall of society.

Question 7

One of the best ways to decrease destructive forms of obedience is by the assignment of _________________.
A)Approval
B)Imitation
C)Obedience
D)Responsibility

Accepted Answer

Research has found when participants are reminded that they will be held responsible for an outcome (harm to others - destruction of property), the destructive obedience is reduced sharply. Responsibility reminders in all actions help participants make their 'own' decisions instead of 'group' decisions.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of conformity?
A)Going along with the group
B)Changing one's behavior because of real or imagined group pressure
C)Doing what is popular at the time
D)Joining a drinking game
E)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Any one of the descriptions above fit conformity. When you conform (or change) your opinions, actions, or thinking to fit into or belong to a group of any size (remember two can be a group), you are giving in to 'conformity.'
Conformity can cause substance abuse in a few ways. One way is that individuals may use substances to fit in with a group or to be accepted by their peers. For example, if someone's friends or social group frequently engages in substance use, that person may feel pressure to conform to that behavior to be part of the group.
Another way conformity can cause substance abuse is by normalizing or trivializing the use of substances. If a group or community views substance use as a standard or acceptable behavior, individuals within that group may be more likely to engage in substance use themselves.
Additionally, some people may not have a strong sense of self-identity or willpower and may turn to substances as escapism. They might conform to using drugs to fit in with a group or because they want to experience the effects of the drugs, which they perceive as desirable.

Question 9

How do you decide why someone did something? It has been found that most people first try to figure out if the person acted as a result of internal or external causes. Harold Kelly gave three criteria for answering the internal-external question; can you find two of them below?
A)Consistency, Fault
B)Mind-set, Distinctiveness
C)Unusual, Consensus
D)Consistency, Consensus

Accepted Answer

The three criteria are Consistency, Consensus, and Distinctiveness. When all three are high, Harold Kelly says we tend to make External Attributions, But when consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency is high, we tend to make Internal Attributions.

Question 10

One error, or shortcut, to deciding internal/external attribution is so prevalent or basic that it is known as _____________.
A)Situational Attribution Error
B)Blaming the Victim
C)Fundamental Attribution Error
D)Any of the above

Accepted Answer

Fundamental Attribution Error is a mistake in judging the causes of others' behavior that comes from the tendency to overestimate internal, personal factors and underestimate external, situational influences.

Question 11

There is a Saliency Bias associated with Attribution. Which statement below most closely describes the meaning?
A)Some personalities/behaviors are more noticeable than situational factors
B)Some people just look/act guilty, so you recognize that
C)It's a kind of cause/effect behavior
D)There's no such thing

Accepted Answer

Saliency Bias is the tendency to focus attention on vivid (salient) or more noticeable factors when explaining the causes of behavior. The fact that the more noticeable factors out show the situational factors help us to make quicker judgments. This leads to another factor called "Blaming the Victim."

Question 12

Narrative therapy seems to be especially useful in what type of circumstances?
A)When looking for a quick solution to a specific problem
B)When people are in crisis
C)When people have been victimized by others
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Narrative therapy seems particularly well suited for treatment of people who have been victimized, such as women, the elderly, and individuals from ethnic and cultural groups. It can also be beneficial in dealing with eating disorders, addressing marital conflict, and for people dealing with grief. It is not beneficial when people are in crisis or those seeking a quick solution for a specific problem.

Question 13

Aaron Beck is the person who developed which therapy?
A)Gestalt therapy
B)Person-centered therapy
C)Existential therapy
D)Cognitive therapy

Accepted Answer

Aaron Beck is the man behind the development of cognitive therapy. He was trained as a psychoanalyst, but soon gravitated toward an approach that emphasized cognitions (thoughts). Gestalt therapy and existential therapy are the work of many people and Carl Rogers is seen as the founder of person-centered therapy.

Question 14

A meta-analysis of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) found that it is very effective for treating which disorder?
A)Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
B)Depression
C)Substance abuse
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The meta-analysis showed EMDR to be more efficient in treating PTSD than other treatments, including drug treatment. However, other research has shown it to be effective for other disorders as well, including depression, anxiety, substance use, sexual dysfunction, and somatoform disorders. It works equally well in children and adults.

Question 15

For what theory is Harvard psychologist Howard Gardener responsible?
A)Theory of cognitive development
B)Psychogenic needs theory
C)Psychosocial theory
D)Multiple intelligences theory

Accepted Answer

Harvard psychologist Howard Gardener is responsible for the multiple intelligences theory. The theory suggests traditional views of intelligence are too confining. Gardener suggested there are eight and possibly nine intelligences.
For further reading, check out Gardner's book Frames of Mind.
Howard Gardner's Nine Intelligences
 
-Verbal-linguistic intelligence (well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words
-Logical-mathematical intelligence (ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and capacity to discern logical and numerical patterns
-Spatial-visual intelligence (capacity to think in images and pictures, to visualize accurately and abstractly
-Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (ability to control one's body movements and to handle objects skillfully
-Musical intelligence (ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timber
-Interpersonal intelligence (capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, motivations, and desires of others
-Intrapersonal (capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes)
-Naturalist intelligence (ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and other objects in nature)
-Existential intelligence (sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence such as, "What is the meaning of life? Why do we die? How did we get here?"
 
Note that Gardner's name is spelled Gardner, not Gardener!

Quiz 6: Groups, Helping Relationships, Research and Program Evaluation

In referring to group behavior, what is a 'norm'?

Conforming to group pressure out of a need for acceptance and approval is called _____________.

Every culture has definite 'norms.' One that seems to include all cultures has to do with maintaining an appropriate distance between people. This distance is referred to as _________.

Groups seem to have several influences on an individual; one such influence comes from the need for direction and information and the belief that the group has more knowledge than the individual. This is referred to as ___________________________.

Attractive actors and popular sports stars are paid lots of money to endorse certain products because advertisers know that we want to be as attractive, beautiful, or popular as they are. What is this major factor called?

What are the two major forms of social influence?

One of the best ways to decrease destructive forms of obedience is by the assignment of _________________.

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

How do you decide why someone did something? It has been found that most people first try to figure out if the person acted as a result of internal or external causes. Harold Kelly gave three criteria for answering the internal-external question; can you find two of them below?

One error, or shortcut, to deciding internal/external attribution is so prevalent or basic that it is known as _____________.

There is a Saliency Bias associated with Attribution. Which statement below most closely describes the meaning?

Narrative therapy seems to be especially useful in what type of circumstances?

Aaron Beck is the person who developed which therapy?

A meta-analysis of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) found that it is very effective for treating which disorder?

For what theory is Harvard psychologist Howard Gardener responsible?