Deck 2: Engaging in Evidence-Based Management

Question 1

One step in the evidence-based management process is to present the evidence to those who must take action upon it.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Typologies used to rate the level or quality of evidence apply only to quantitative research or evidence.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

When evaluating the evidence to guide a clinical or managerial decision, it is common that the strength of all evidence that you find will be similar.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy provides free access to ProQuest, a computerized search tool, to all practitioners who maintain NBCOT certification.

Question 5

In discussing evidence-based practice papers, reports and other documents that are not controlled by commercial publishers but that are a useful and valid form of evidence would best be referred to as:

A) Quasi-evidential literature.
B) Grey literature.
C) Public domain documents.
D) Critically appraised documents.

Question 6

Which of the following is not an example of a responsibility stemming from an evidence-based approach to management?

A) Staying up to date with the sources of information that may have an impact on the decisions you will make in practice
B) Using good judgment about the information you have gathered by critically evaluating its quality
C) Actively generating new evidence and sharing it through public forums
D) Recognizing that translating evidence into everyday practice will not be easy and will also require the application of evidence-based strategies

Question 7

Which of the following is not a component of evidence assessment?

A) Origin of evidence
B) Quality of evidence
C) Level of evidence
D) Overall strength of evidence

Question 8

A critical appraisal matrix is best described as which of the following?

A) A tool that guides a practitioner in appraising the appropriateness of recommendations to be made to clients based on evidence found during a search
B) A tool that helps to critically evaluate a practitioner's or manger's competency to implement a set of evidence-based recommendations
C) A tool that is used to record the effectiveness of evidence-based actions in order to organize data for future additional decisions
D) A tool used to record the key characteristics, findings, strengths, and limitations of the materials in a compact and manageable format

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of the six steps of the evidence-based management process?

A) Characterize the evidence as quantitative or qualitative, and research or nonresearch design.
B) Assess the evidence for accuracy, comprehensiveness, applicability, and actionability.
C) Present the evidence to those who must act on it.
D) Frame a question related to a decision that has to be made.

Question 10

Which of the following most accurately defines judgment?

A) The ability to distinguish between a research design characterized as experimental versus a design characterized as nonexperimental
B) The responsibility to recognize that not all data, information, and evidence are created equal
C) The qualities associated with making good decisions when carrying out the steps of a formal literature search in PubMed or PsychInfo
D) The skills used to determine if a formal evidence-based question must be identified in order to rely on information found in conducting a literature search

Question 11

Which of the following most accurately describes the current state of typologies for determining the levels of evidence you are appraising?

A) There are many typologies, and most are related to appraisal of qualitative research and information found on websites.
B) There are very few typologies, and those that do exist are related almost exclusively to scientifically designed research studies.
C) There are many typologies, and most are related to the appraisal of quantitative research.
D) There are very few typologies, and those that do exist seek to address the broad range of evidence, including quantitative and qualitative research and scientific and nonscientific designs.

Question 12

Which of the following is most accurate in regard to managers accessing search databases and tools?

A) There are not any free bibliographic databases, and managers must convince their organizations to pay for access.
B) There are several free bibliographic databases, including some that are free with membership in the American Occupational Therapy Association or certification by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy.
C) There are many free bibliographic databases, but they are accessible only to persons with university IDs, so you should partner with an academic program.
D) All bibliographic databases are free due to freedom-of-information laws.

Question 13

Which of the following have contributed to the proliferation of evidence-based practice and evidence-based management?

A) The development of processes, practices, and specific tools to enable healthcare professionals to find, evaluate, and use evidence to inform their clinical decisions.
B) A dramatic increase in the access to evidence over the past several decades because of the Internet and open-access publishing.
C) Higher expectations for the training and skills of occupational therapy practitioners.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the approach you should take to finding and evaluating evidence related to management questions?

A) Only use evidence obtained through searches on well-established and recognized search tools such as PubMed.
B) Search using multiple sources and strategies, considering all forms of evidence, but carefully evaluate the quality and strength of the evidence that you use.
C) Limit your search and use of data to the field or discipline (e.g., occupational therapy) to exclude evidence from other fields or disciplines that may not be directly related to your question.
D) Limit your search to only consider evidence developed through the strongest experimental methods such as randomized controlled designs.

Question 15

In assessing the evidence you are considering, which of the following would be least likely to affect your decision?

A) Country of origin of the evidence.
B) Strength of the evidence.
C) Quality of the evidence.
D) Level of the evidence.

Question 16

Which of the following is the best description of grey literature?

A) Papers, reports, and other documents from private industry that often may be biased because of private funding.
B) Papers, reports, and other documents referred to as grey because of the weak evaluation of their accuracy and usefulness.
C) Papers, reports, and other documents controlled by commercial publishers that have passed the highest levels of review and academic scrutiny.
D) Papers, reports, and other documents from government, the academy, business, and industry that are not controlled by commercial publishers but are a valid form of evidence.

Question 17

All of the following were identified as challenges to using an evidence-based approach to management by occupational therapy managers except:

A) Access to electronic journals and scientific forms of evidence.
B) Time to find and carefully assess the evidence.
C) Little evidence exists on management-related questions.
D) The amount of evidence available can be overwhelming.

Question 18

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the typologies you might select to evaluate evidence related to management questions?

A) Because using an evidence-based approach to occupational therapy management is so new, no appropriate typologies for evaluating related evidence have been identified.
B) Although there are variations in the approaches used by different scholars and sources, most use similar approaches in assigning a level to the evidence that is being examined.
C) There is wide variation in the approaches used in various typologies for evaluating evidence and they have little in common.
D) There is a single universal typology for evaluating all forms of evidence that has been identified for use with the occupational therapy management literature.

Question 19

Which of the following is most accurate regarding involvement of key stakeholders in the EBP process?

A) You may present an evidence brief or summary to key stakeholders to discuss the evidence, pros and cons of different options, what is feasible in your setting, and what barriers might exist to implementation.
B) It is best not to discuss evidence with key stakeholders because many have not been exposed to or properly trained in EBP approaches.
C) Key stakeholders should only be involved in identifying the questions to be answered through an EBP process.
D) Key stakeholders may be a useful source of data, information, and other forms of evidence but you must be extremely careful of the bias this introduces to answering evidence-based management questions.

Question 20

Which of the following is the best strategy for occupational therapy managers who do not have easy access to electronic bibliographic databases to find evidence?

A) Return to graduate school for an advanced degree in order to access relevant databases.
B) Access free databases such as PubMed or OTSeeker.
C) Rely on articles and evidence found on the Internet through Internet search engines.
D) Rely only on data and other forms of evidence published in the public domain by commercial publishers.