Question 1

One step in the evidence-based management process is to present the evidence to those who must take action upon it.

Accepted Answer

In evidence-based management, presenting the evidence to decision-makers or stakeholders who will act upon it is a crucial step to ensure informed decisions are made based on the best available evidence.

Question 2

Typologies used to rate the level or quality of evidence apply only to quantitative research or evidence.

Accepted Answer

Typologies for rating the level or quality of evidence apply to both quantitative and qualitative research, as they are designed to assess the strength and reliability of evidence regardless of the research methodology.

Question 3

When evaluating the evidence to guide a clinical or managerial decision, it is common that the strength of all evidence that you find will be similar.

Accepted Answer

The strength of evidence can vary widely based on factors such as study design, sample size, quality of methodology, and relevance to the question at hand. It is common to find evidence of varying strengths when researching a topic.

Question 4

The National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy provides free access to ProQuest, a computerized search tool, to all practitioners who maintain NBCOT certification.

Accepted Answer

The passage states that the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy provides free access to ProQuest to all practitioners who maintain NBCOT certification.

Question 5

In discussing evidence-based practice papers, reports and other documents that are not controlled by commercial publishers but that are a useful and valid form of evidence would best be referred to as:
A) Quasi-evidential literature.
B) Grey literature.
C) Public domain documents.
D) Critically appraised documents.

Accepted Answer

Grey literature refers to materials and research produced by organizations outside of the traditional commercial or academic publishing and distribution channels. This can include reports, theses, conference proceedings, and other documents that are accessible to the public but not published in peer-reviewed journals. These sources can be important for comprehensive reviews of evidence in various fields, including evidence-based practice.

Question 6

Which of the following is not an example of a responsibility stemming from an evidence-based approach to management?
A) Staying up to date with the sources of information that may have an impact on the decisions you will make in practice
B) Using good judgment about the information you have gathered by critically evaluating its quality
C) Actively generating new evidence and sharing it through public forums
D) Recognizing that translating evidence into everyday practice will not be easy and will also require the application of evidence-based strategies

Accepted Answer

Actively generating new evidence and sharing it through public forums is more about contributing to the body of knowledge rather than a responsibility stemming from using an evidence-based approach to management. The other options (A, B, D) are direct responsibilities of an individual practicing evidence-based management, focusing on staying informed, critically evaluating information, and applying evidence-based strategies in practice.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a component of evidence assessment?
A) Origin of evidence
B) Quality of evidence
C) Level of evidence
D) Overall strength of evidence

Accepted Answer

Origin of evidence is not typically considered a standard component of evidence assessment in the context of evaluating research or scientific findings. Evidence assessment usually focuses on the quality, level, and overall strength of the evidence to determine its reliability and applicability.

Question 8

A critical appraisal matrix is best described as which of the following?
A) A tool that guides a practitioner in appraising the appropriateness of recommendations to be made to clients based on evidence found during a search
B) A tool that helps to critically evaluate a practitioner's or manger's competency to implement a set of evidence-based recommendations
C) A tool that is used to record the effectiveness of evidence-based actions in order to organize data for future additional decisions
D) A tool used to record the key characteristics, findings, strengths, and limitations of the materials in a compact and manageable format

Accepted Answer

A critical appraisal matrix is primarily used to organize and evaluate research evidence systematically, highlighting key aspects of studies such as their strengths, limitations, and findings in a concise manner. This aids in the assessment of the quality and relevance of the evidence.

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of the six steps of the evidence-based management process?
A) Characterize the evidence as quantitative or qualitative, and research or nonresearch design.
B) Assess the evidence for accuracy, comprehensiveness, applicability, and actionability.
C) Present the evidence to those who must act on it.
D) Frame a question related to a decision that has to be made.

Accepted Answer

Characterizing the evidence as quantitative or qualitative, and research or nonresearch design, is not listed as one of the six steps in the evidence-based management process. The process typically involves framing a question, gathering evidence, assessing the quality of the evidence, summarizing the evidence, applying the evidence in decision-making, and evaluating the outcomes of the decision.

Question 10

Which of the following most accurately defines judgment?
A) The ability to distinguish between a research design characterized as experimental versus a design characterized as nonexperimental
B) The responsibility to recognize that not all data, information, and evidence are created equal
C) The qualities associated with making good decisions when carrying out the steps of a formal literature search in PubMed or PsychInfo
D) The skills used to determine if a formal evidence-based question must be identified in order to rely on information found in conducting a literature search

Accepted Answer

Judgment involves recognizing the varying quality and reliability of different sources of data, information, and evidence, which is essential for making informed decisions.

Question 11

Which of the following most accurately describes the current state of typologies for determining the levels of evidence you are appraising?
A) There are many typologies, and most are related to appraisal of qualitative research and information found on websites.
B) There are very few typologies, and those that do exist are related almost exclusively to scientifically designed research studies.
C) There are many typologies, and most are related to the appraisal of quantitative research.
D) There are very few typologies, and those that do exist seek to address the broad range of evidence, including quantitative and qualitative research and scientific and nonscientific designs.

Accepted Answer

There are numerous typologies available for determining the levels of evidence, and the majority of these are designed to appraise quantitative research. These typologies help in categorizing research studies based on their methodological quality and the strength of their findings, with a significant focus on quantitative methodologies such as randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and others.

Question 12

Which of the following is most accurate in regard to managers accessing search databases and tools?
A) There are not any free bibliographic databases, and managers must convince their organizations to pay for access.
B) There are several free bibliographic databases, including some that are free with membership in the American Occupational Therapy Association or certification by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy.
C) There are many free bibliographic databases, but they are accessible only to persons with university IDs, so you should partner with an academic program.
D) All bibliographic databases are free due to freedom-of-information laws.

Accepted Answer

There are indeed several free bibliographic databases available, and some of these can be accessed for free with membership in professional organizations such as the American Occupational Therapy Association or through certification by bodies like the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy. This provides a valuable resource for managers and professionals seeking access to scholarly articles and research without necessarily having to pay for each database subscription.

Question 13

Which of the following have contributed to the proliferation of evidence-based practice and evidence-based management?
A) The development of processes, practices, and specific tools to enable healthcare professionals to find, evaluate, and use evidence to inform their clinical decisions.
B) A dramatic increase in the access to evidence over the past several decades because of the Internet and open-access publishing.
C) Higher expectations for the training and skills of occupational therapy practitioners.
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed have contributed to the proliferation of evidence-based practice and evidence-based management. The development of specific tools and processes has made it easier for professionals to apply evidence in their practice. The Internet and open-access publishing have dramatically increased access to evidence. Additionally, there are higher expectations for the training and skills of practitioners, including their ability to integrate evidence into their practice.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the approach you should take to finding and evaluating evidence related to management questions?
A) Only use evidence obtained through searches on well-established and recognized search tools such as PubMed.
B) Search using multiple sources and strategies, considering all forms of evidence, but carefully evaluate the quality and strength of the evidence that you use.
C) Limit your search and use of data to the field or discipline (e.g., occupational therapy) to exclude evidence from other fields or disciplines that may not be directly related to your question.
D) Limit your search to only consider evidence developed through the strongest experimental methods such as randomized controlled designs.

Accepted Answer

The best approach to finding and evaluating evidence related to management questions involves searching using multiple sources and strategies, considering all forms of evidence, but also carefully evaluating the quality and strength of the evidence. This ensures a comprehensive understanding of the topic while maintaining a critical perspective on the information gathered.

Question 15

In assessing the evidence you are considering, which of the following would be least likely to affect your decision?
A) Country of origin of the evidence.
B) Strength of the evidence.
C) Quality of the evidence.
D) Level of the evidence.

Accepted Answer

The country of origin of the evidence is generally considered less relevant to the decision-making process compared to the strength, quality, and level of the evidence, which directly impact the reliability and applicability of the information.

Question 16

Which of the following is the best description of grey literature?
A) Papers, reports, and other documents from private industry that often may be biased because of private funding.
B) Papers, reports, and other documents referred to as grey because of the weak evaluation of their accuracy and usefulness.
C) Papers, reports, and other documents controlled by commercial publishers that have passed the highest levels of review and academic scrutiny.
D) Papers, reports, and other documents from government, the academy, business, and industry that are not controlled by commercial publishers but are a valid form of evidence.

Accepted Answer

Grey literature refers to materials that are not published through traditional commercial publishing routes and includes a wide range of types of documents. These can be from various sources including government, academia, business, and industry, and are considered a valid form of evidence despite not being controlled by commercial publishers.

Question 17

All of the following were identified as challenges to using an evidence-based approach to management by occupational therapy managers except:
A) Access to electronic journals and scientific forms of evidence.
B) Time to find and carefully assess the evidence.
C) Little evidence exists on management-related questions.
D) The amount of evidence available can be overwhelming.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following were identified as...

Question 18

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the typologies you might select to evaluate evidence related to management questions?
A) Because using an evidence-based approach to occupational therapy management is so new, no appropriate typologies for evaluating related evidence have been identified.
B) Although there are variations in the approaches used by different scholars and sources, most use similar approaches in assigning a level to the evidence that is being examined.
C) There is wide variation in the approaches used in various typologies for evaluating evidence and they have little in common.
D) There is a single universal typology for evaluating all forms of evidence that has been identified for use with the occupational therapy management literature.

Accepted Answer

Most scholars and sources adopt similar methodologies for categorizing evidence, despite some differences in their specific approaches. This consensus facilitates a more standardized evaluation of evidence in fields such as occupational therapy management.

Question 19

Which of the following is most accurate regarding involvement of key stakeholders in the EBP process?
A) You may present an evidence brief or summary to key stakeholders to discuss the evidence, pros and cons of different options, what is feasible in your setting, and what barriers might exist to implementation.
B) It is best not to discuss evidence with key stakeholders because many have not been exposed to or properly trained in EBP approaches.
C) Key stakeholders should only be involved in identifying the questions to be answered through an EBP process.
D) Key stakeholders may be a useful source of data, information, and other forms of evidence but you must be extremely careful of the bias this introduces to answering evidence-based management questions.

Accepted Answer

Involving key stakeholders by presenting evidence briefs or summaries allows for a comprehensive discussion on the evidence, feasibility, and potential barriers, which is crucial for successful implementation of evidence-based practices.

Question 20

Which of the following is the best strategy for occupational therapy managers who do not have easy access to electronic bibliographic databases to find evidence?
A) Return to graduate school for an advanced degree in order to access relevant databases.
B) Access free databases such as PubMed or OTSeeker.
C) Rely on articles and evidence found on the Internet through Internet search engines.
D) Rely only on data and other forms of evidence published in the public domain by commercial publishers.

Accepted Answer

Accessing free databases like PubMed or OTSeeker is a practical and cost-effective strategy for occupational therapy managers to find evidence without the need for advanced degrees or relying solely on potentially less reliable internet searches or commercial publishers. These databases offer a wealth of peer-reviewed articles and evidence-based resources specifically relevant to their field.

Quiz 2: Engaging in Evidence-Based Management

One step in the evidence-based management process is to present the evidence to those who must take action upon it.

Typologies used to rate the level or quality of evidence apply only to quantitative research or evidence.

When evaluating the evidence to guide a clinical or managerial decision, it is common that the strength of all evidence that you find will be similar.

The National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy provides free access to ProQuest, a computerized search tool, to all practitioners who maintain NBCOT certification.

In discussing evidence-based practice papers, reports and other documents that are not controlled by commercial publishers but that are a useful and valid form of evidence would best be referred to as:

Which of the following is not an example of a responsibility stemming from an evidence-based approach to management?

Which of the following is not a component of evidence assessment?

A critical appraisal matrix is best described as which of the following?

Which of the following is not one of the six steps of the evidence-based management process?

Which of the following most accurately defines judgment?

Which of the following most accurately describes the current state of typologies for determining the levels of evidence you are appraising?

Which of the following is most accurate in regard to managers accessing search databases and tools?

Which of the following have contributed to the proliferation of evidence-based practice and evidence-based management?

Which of the following best describes the approach you should take to finding and evaluating evidence related to management questions?

In assessing the evidence you are considering, which of the following would be least likely to affect your decision?

Which of the following is the best description of grey literature?

All of the following were identified as challenges to using an evidence-based approach to management by occupational therapy managers except:

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the typologies you might select to evaluate evidence related to management questions?

Which of the following is most accurate regarding involvement of key stakeholders in the EBP process?

Which of the following is the best strategy for occupational therapy managers who do not have easy access to electronic bibliographic databases to find evidence?