Deck 2: Answering a Clinically Relevant Question

Question 1

Within the PICO format, which element is optional?

A) Patients
B) Intervention
C) Comparison
D) Outcome

Answer 1

Comparison

Question 2

What is the name of the database of more than 500 scholarly journals focusing on many medical disciplines?

A) PubMed
B) CINAHL Plus
C) SPORTDiscus with full text
D) Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition

Answer 2

Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition

Question 3

Which is NOT a criterion of the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)?

A) Were inclusion and exclusion criteria reported?
B) Were studies ranked based on the evidence pyramid?
C) Were the included studies synthesized?
D) Was the quality of the included studies assessed?

Answer 3

Were studies ranked based on the evidence pyramid?

Question 4

Which kind of validity is clinical relevance associated with?

A) External validity
B) Internal validity
C) Construct validity
D) Measurement validity

Question 5

What is the name of the database that allows a researcher to identify which later articles cite any particular earlier article, or the articles of any particular author, or which articles are cited most frequently?

A) Science Citation Index
B) Physiotherapy Evidence Database
C) PubMed
D) Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects

Question 6

What is the main problem with using a Boolean search?

A) A Boolean search allows you to only combine search terms.
B) A Boolean search can be time-consuming.
C) Boolean searches can be unpredictable when combining Boolean operators.
D) Because the Boolean operators of AND and OR have opposite effects on a search, this may lead to cancelling out certain articles.

Question 7

Study validity refers to which of the following two kinds of validity?

A) External and internal
B) Internal and construct
C) Measurement and construct
D) Internal and measurement

Question 8

Which is a clinical question using the PICO format?

A) What is the screening tool for assessing type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women?
B) What exercises are recommended for an obese (body mass index = 30.5) 40-year-old woman with a doctor's note to exercise?
C) How many sets, repetitions, and pounds of weight should be used to build strength in the quadriceps?
D) What is the best stretching programs for pre- and post-training for a 32-year-old man who wants to run his second marathon in 6 months?

Question 9

Which is NOT one of the areas critical to clinical practice that should be assessed when determining your effectiveness in using the evidence-based process?

A) Are you asking answerable questions?
B) Are you conducting efficient searches on appropriate electronic databases?
C) Are you appraising the literature based on your professional practice?
D) Are you using evidence in your treatment of clients?

Question 10

There are two primary reasons you should define patients as specifically as possible. The first reason is that you want to search for research that applies as closely to your patients as possible. What is the second reason?

A) You want to define your patients when you begin searching your literature to narrow it to a manageable size.
B) You want to ensure the intervention, treatment, or diagnostic test is appropriate for the particular patients you have defined.
C) You want to ensure the outcomes apply to the particular patients you have defined.
D) You want to ensure the patients you have defined can be compared to a control group.

Question 11

What are examples of ways to make searches more efficient? Select all that apply.

A) Boolean operators
B) Medical subject headings
C) Evidence-based pyramid
D) Filters

Question 12

What are examples of electronic databases? Select all that apply.

A) Cochrane Collaboration
B) Science Citation Index
C) PubMed
D) CINAHL Plus

Question 13

When assessing clinical relevance, which of the following questions should be asked? Select all that apply.

A) Do the results apply to your clients?
B) Do the results apply to your setting?
C) Do the results apply to your comparison treatments?
D) Do the results apply to qualities that matter to your client?

Question 14

What is an efficient way to search for a particular subject? Select all that apply.

A) Use medical subject headings.
B) Locate a few initial articles and identify the terms used to describe your topic.
C) Use the Science Citation Index to narrow down your subject.
D) Conduct a Boolean search.

Question 15

What is true when understanding experimental terminology? Select all that apply.

A) The intervention is given to the treatment group.
B) The treatment group and the standard treatment group are described as being two different levels of the independent variable.
C) The comparison group is also known as the control group.
D) If there are multiple interventions, then there are more than two levels of the dependent variable.

Question 16

What is an example of an outcome measure? Select all that apply.

A) Quality of conducting skinfold measurements
B) Quality of life
C) Cardiac stress test
D) Blood pressure

Question 17

Once you have found the best therapy based on the scientific evidence, what should you do next in implementing this therapy into your practice? Select all that apply.

A) You should use the therapy (i.e., best practice) on your client.
B) You should address the concerns and priorities of your client's family.
C) You should consider culture in the clinical context.
D) You should consider disease trajectory.

Question 18

The purpose of the five-step approach is to provide a problem-solving framework to identify the best evidence-based practices.

Question 19

The dependent variable refers to the aspects of a patient's health or fitness that are expected to change in response to an intervention in the clinical question.

Question 20

When there is an implied alternative within a clinical question, the status quo is the explicit alternative.

Question 21

The Cochrane Collaborative is a database that contains abstracts of systematic reviews that have been assessed for quality.

Question 22

Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP) ranks original studies above systematic reviews, which is an example of sorting by the evidence-based pyramid.

Question 23

Validity is defined as the degree to which the results are true and whether the study demonstrated what it intended to establish.

Question 24

The five areas of self-assessment that are critical to clinical practice and should be assessed include: 1) asking answerable questions using the PICO format, 2) assessing whether your searches are efficient and relevant to your question, 3) assessing your critical appraisal of the literature, 4) evaluating your inclusion of evidence into your clinical practice, and 5) evaluating whether your clinical practice is improving.

Question 25

Applicability refers to how relevant the clinical evidence is to your typical population of clients.

Question 26

When a practitioner identifies a goal for a client, the practitioner needs to ensure it matches the clinical goal of the client.

Question 27

Finding the best evidence available is the acquire part of the five-step approach used in evidence-based practice.

Question 28

Author searches can be useful in tracking updates.

Question 29

One of the best ways to determine the effectiveness of your evidence-based progress is whether your clinical practice is improving.

Question 30

In diagnostic studies, validity refers to the study's ability to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 31

What is the order of the five-step approach?
______________Analyze and adjust
______________Ask
______________Appraise
______________Acquire
______________Act

Question 32

Which is the correct order of the following?
___________Relevance
___________Validity
___________Applicability

Question 33

PICO is a model to find appropriate evidence to answer a specific question. PICO stands for _____________________________________________________________

Question 34

When there is no explicit alternative in the clinical question, the implied alternative is the _________________________.

Question 35

The term defined as the degree to which data or results of a study are correct or true is called ________________________.

Question 36

The term that refers to investigating diagnostic or screening tests in patients or clients in the clinical question is called ________________________.

Question 37

The term that refers to the number of people needed to be treated so that one person experiences a benefit is called ________________________.

Question 38

The database focused on rehabilitation is called the ________________________.