Question 1

Within the PICO format, which element is optional?
A) Patients
B) Intervention
C) Comparison
D) Outcome

Accepted Answer

In a clinical question, sometimes there may not be alternatives to compare.

Question 2

What is the name of the database of more than 500 scholarly journals focusing on many medical disciplines?
A) PubMed
B) CINAHL Plus
C) SPORTDiscus with full text
D) Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition

Accepted Answer

Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition is the name of the database of more than 500 scholarly journals focusing on many medical disciplines.

Question 3

Which is NOT a criterion of the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)?
A) Were inclusion and exclusion criteria reported?
B) Were studies ranked based on the evidence pyramid?
C) Were the included studies synthesized?
D) Was the quality of the included studies assessed?

Accepted Answer

This is a criterion of Turning Research into Practice (TRIP), not DARE.

Question 4

Which kind of validity is clinical relevance associated with?
A) External validity
B) Internal validity
C) Construct validity
D) Measurement validity

Accepted Answer

Clinical relevance refers to external validity.

Question 5

What is the name of the database that allows a researcher to identify which later articles cite any particular earlier article, or the articles of any particular author, or which articles are cited most frequently?
A) Science Citation Index
B) Physiotherapy Evidence Database
C) PubMed
D) Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects

Accepted Answer

The Science Citation Index is a database of articles that allows a researcher to identify which later articles cite any particular earlier article, or the articles of any particular author, or which articles are cited most frequently.

Question 6

What is the main problem with using a Boolean search?
A) A Boolean search allows you to only combine search terms.
B) A Boolean search can be time-consuming.
C) Boolean searches can be unpredictable when combining Boolean operators.
D) Because the Boolean operators of AND and OR have opposite effects on a search, this may lead to cancelling out certain articles.

Accepted Answer

It is impossible to predict the results when combining Boolean operators.

Question 7

Study validity refers to which of the following two kinds of validity?
A) External and internal
B) Internal and construct
C) Measurement and construct
D) Internal and measurement

Accepted Answer

Study validity refers to both internal validity and construct validity.

Question 8

Which is a clinical question using the PICO format?
A) What is the screening tool for assessing type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women?
B) What exercises are recommended for an obese (body mass index = 30.5) 40-year-old woman with a doctor's note to exercise?
C) How many sets, repetitions, and pounds of weight should be used to build strength in the quadriceps?
D) What is the best stretching programs for pre- and post-training for a 32-year-old man who wants to run his second marathon in 6 months?

Accepted Answer

This question addresses the components of PICO, while the other answers are missing one or more of the components.

Question 9

Which is NOT one of the areas critical to clinical practice that should be assessed when determining your effectiveness in using the evidence-based process?
A) Are you asking answerable questions?
B) Are you conducting efficient searches on appropriate electronic databases?
C) Are you appraising the literature based on your professional practice?
D) Are you using evidence in your treatment of clients?

Accepted Answer

The question should read, "Are you appraising the evidence based on the assessment of validity?"

Question 10

There are two primary reasons you should define patients as specifically as possible. The first reason is that you want to search for research that applies as closely to your patients as possible. What is the second reason?
A) You want to define your patients when you begin searching your literature to narrow it to a manageable size.
B) You want to ensure the intervention, treatment, or diagnostic test is appropriate for the particular patients you have defined.
C) You want to ensure the outcomes apply to the particular patients you have defined.
D) You want to ensure the patients you have defined can be compared to a control group.

Accepted Answer

You want to define your patients when you begin searching the literature to narrow it to a manageable size.

Question 11

What are examples of ways to make searches more efficient? Select all that apply.
A) Boolean operators
B) Medical subject headings
C) Evidence-based pyramid
D) Filters

Accepted Answer

The evidence-based pyramid is not a method for improving the efficiency of searches.

Question 12

What are examples of electronic databases? Select all that apply.
A) Cochrane Collaboration
B) Science Citation Index
C) PubMed
D) CINAHL Plus

Accepted Answer

The Cochrane Collaboration provides a list of databases and is not a database.

Question 13

When assessing clinical relevance, which of the following questions should be asked? Select all that apply.
A) Do the results apply to your clients?
B) Do the results apply to your setting?
C) Do the results apply to your comparison treatments?
D) Do the results apply to qualities that matter to your client?

Accepted Answer

Option C should read, "Do the results apply to your available treatments?" not to your comparison treatments.

Question 14

What is an efficient way to search for a particular subject? Select all that apply.
A) Use medical subject headings.
B) Locate a few initial articles and identify the terms used to describe your topic.
C) Use the Science Citation Index to narrow down your subject.
D) Conduct a Boolean search.

Accepted Answer

The Science Citation Index only allows you to search by author or article(s), not subjects.

Question 15

What is true when understanding experimental terminology? Select all that apply.
A) The intervention is given to the treatment group.
B) The treatment group and the standard treatment group are described as being two different levels of the independent variable.
C) The comparison group is also known as the control group.
D) If there are multiple interventions, then there are more than two levels of the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

If there are multiple interventions, then there are more than two levels of the independent variable.

Question 16

What is an example of an outcome measure? Select all that apply.
A) Quality of conducting skinfold measurements
B) Quality of life
C) Cardiac stress test
D) Blood pressure

Accepted Answer

Quality of conducting skinfold measurements is an example of process measures, not outcome measures.

Question 17

Once you have found the best therapy based on the scientific evidence, what should you do next in implementing this therapy into your practice? Select all that apply.
A) You should use the therapy (i.e., best practice) on your client.
B) You should address the concerns and priorities of your client's family.
C) You should consider culture in the clinical context.
D) You should consider disease trajectory.

Accepted Answer

Just finding and evaluating the scientific evidence, albeit a critical step, is not evidence-based practice. Once you have established the scientific facts and determined that the known science is applicable to your client, the question arises whether it should be applied to your client.

Question 18

The purpose of the five-step approach is to provide a problem-solving framework to identify the best evidence-based practices.

Accepted Answer

The purpose of the five-step approach is to provide a problem-solving framework for assessing your patient, or population, and to identify the best quality care through the application of evidence.

Question 19

The dependent variable refers to the aspects of a patient's health or fitness that are expected to change in response to an intervention in the clinical question.

Accepted Answer

Dependent variable is another word for outcome, and this is the definition of outcome.

Question 20

When there is an implied alternative within a clinical question, the status quo is the explicit alternative.

Accepted Answer

The opposite is true; when there is not an explicit alternative within a clinical question, the status quo is the implied alternative.

Quiz 2: Answering a Clinically Relevant Question

Within the PICO format, which element is optional?

What is the name of the database of more than 500 scholarly journals focusing on many medical disciplines?

Which is NOT a criterion of the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) ?

Which kind of validity is clinical relevance associated with?

What is the name of the database that allows a researcher to identify which later articles cite any particular earlier article, or the articles of any particular author, or which articles are cited most frequently?

What is the main problem with using a Boolean search?

Study validity refers to which of the following two kinds of validity?

Which is a clinical question using the PICO format?

Which is NOT one of the areas critical to clinical practice that should be assessed when determining your effectiveness in using the evidence-based process?

There are two primary reasons you should define patients as specifically as possible. The first reason is that you want to search for research that applies as closely to your patients as possible. What is the second reason?

What are examples of ways to make searches more efficient? Select all that apply.

What are examples of electronic databases? Select all that apply.

When assessing clinical relevance, which of the following questions should be asked? Select all that apply.

What is an efficient way to search for a particular subject? Select all that apply.

What is true when understanding experimental terminology? Select all that apply.

What is an example of an outcome measure? Select all that apply.

Once you have found the best therapy based on the scientific evidence, what should you do next in implementing this therapy into your practice? Select all that apply.

The purpose of the five-step approach is to provide a problem-solving framework to identify the best evidence-based practices.

The dependent variable refers to the aspects of a patient's health or fitness that are expected to change in response to an intervention in the clinical question.

When there is an implied alternative within a clinical question, the status quo is the explicit alternative.