Deck 48: Animal Reproduction

Question 1

Why was it informative for researchers to study the proximate causation of Daphnia switching reproductive tactics in the laboratory?

A)Daphnia in the wild were genetically identical and the laboratory was the only place where Daphnia would reproduce sexually.
B)Daphnia could not obtain enough energy in the wild to reproduce sexually.
C)Multiple proximate factors were leading the reproductive switching tactics and it is simpler to tease these factors apart in the lab where a researcher can run controlled experiments.
D)Daphnia were never under high crowding conditions in the wild.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

You decide to study two species of birds,both of which form monogamous pairs (one male and one female).In species 1,you find that the eggs in a pair's nest are in fact almost always the offspring of that pair.In species 2,you are surprised to find that many of the eggs in a nest were actually fathered by males of neighboring pairs.Apparently,mating outside of monogamous pairings is widespread in species 2.Given this information,what would be the logical prediction to make before comparing testis size of males of the two species?

A)Testes of species 1 are larger than testes of species 2.
B)Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1.
C)There is no relationship between this observation and the size of testes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction?

A)mitosis → zygote → meiosis → gametes → embryo
B)meiosis → zygote → mitosis → gametes → embryo
C)mitosis → gametes → meiosis → zygote → embryo
D)meiosis → gametes → mitosis → zygote → embryo
E)meiosis → gametes → zygote → mitosis → embryo

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Secretions from which part of the male reproductive anatomy in humans produces molecules that stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus of females?

A)prostate gland
B)seminal vesicles
C)bulbourethral gland
D)testes

Question 5

During oogenesis meiosis results in four equally sized cells that stop dividing in meiosis I.

Question 6

What is a difference between a viviparous and an ovoviviparous species?

A)Viviparous species give birth to live young while ovoviviparous lay a shelled egg that the young hatches from.
B)Ovoviviparous species give birth to live young that were nourished from nutrients in their mother's circulatory system while viviparous species lay shelled eggs that the young hatch from.
C)Ovoviviparous species receive nourishment from the yolk in the egg and the viviparous species receive nourishment from the mother's circulatory system.
D)The eggs of the ovoviviparous species receive additional nutrients from the mother's circulatory system while the eggs of the viviparous species do not.

Question 7

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction,when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur?

A)when conditions for survival are favorable
B)when conditions for survival are unfavorable
C)none of the above

Question 8

Which of the following correctly describes the reproduction of males in Daphnia?

A)Daphnia males are produced asexually from unfertilized eggs.
B)Daphnia males are produced sexually through fertilization of eggs but are sterile from birth.
C)Daphnia males are produced from a pseudo-sexual union of two eggs.
D)Daphnia males are produced asexually but are sterile from birth.

Question 9

Which of the following is not an example of asexual reproduction?

A)parthenogenesis in lizards
B)budding in sponges
C)binary fission in Amoeba
D)fertilization in Daphnia

Question 10

By what mechanism does a second male mating with a female gain an advantage in sperm competition in some insects?

A)The second male's semen has chemicals that kill the first male's sperm.
B)The accessory fluids from the second male's semen can displace stored sperm from competing males.
C)The second male will have larger testes and so produce larger numbers of sperm.
D)The second male is larger than the first male.

Question 11

Animals that have external fertilization are most likely to reproduce in which of the following areas?

A)sand dune
B)polar ice sheet
C)shallow lake
D)tallgrass prairie

Question 12

Which of the following is a challenge to the hypothesis that bats produce an unusually large number of sperm in order to increase the probability of conception when females engage in multiple matings?

A)Female bats can eject the sperm of certain males after mating.
B)A female can actively choose which male mates with her last,thus increasing the odds of conception with that male's sperm.
C)Both of the above are true.
D)Neither of the above are true.

Question 13

Aquatic animals that rely on external fertilization for reproduction have a low probability of successful fertilization.Which one of the following is not used by aquatic animals to increase the success of external fertilization?

A)release of pheromones to synchronize gamete release
B)production of a large number of gametes that are released simultaneously
C)moving onto land for fertilization
D)elaborate courtship rituals to synchronize gamete release

Question 14

Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent.What type of cell division occurs to generate this type of offspring?

A)mitosis
B)meiosis

Question 15

Why does external fertilization typically occur much more often in aquatic animals than in terrestrial animals?

A)The gametes are hydrophobic,so they must be suspended in water to avoid clumping.
B)The gametes must be produced in large numbers,which can occur only in aquatic environments.
C)The gametes must be kept wet to avoid desiccation.
D)All of the above answers apply.
E)None of the above answers apply.

Question 16

Fertilization of the egg takes place in the _____.

A)ovary
B)fallopian tube
C)cervix
D)vagina
E)uterus

Question 17

What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents?

A)genetic recombination during meiosis
B)genetic recombination during mitosis
C)crossing over during mitosis
D)Sexual reproduction does not produce genetically different offspring.

Question 18

Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males?

A)urethra
B)oviduct
C)uterus
D)cervix
E)vagina

Question 19

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A)Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells,while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell.
B)Spermatogenesis results in one mature sperm cell,while oogenesis results in four mature egg cells.
C)In spermatogenesis,mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once,while in oogenesis,mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice.
D)Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells,while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell.In spermatogenesis,mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once,while in oogenesis,mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice.

Question 20

On a submarine expedition to the ocean bottom,you discover a population of fish that are only female.What type of reproduction does this fish use?

A)sexual
B)budding
C)cloning
D)parthenogenesis
E)hermaphroditism

Question 21

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than in the lining of the uterus.Usually it implants in the oviduct.Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for such a pregnancy being unsuccessful?

A)The orientation of the baby would be sideways.
B)Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)cannot be produced in the oviduct.
C)The lining of the oviduct is unable to support the developing fetus.
D)The necessary hormones cannot reach the developing fetus in the oviduct.

Question 22

What are the primary functions of gonadal steroids in humans?

A)Gonadal steroids are important in the production of glucocorticoids.
B)Gonadal steroids are important in the maturation of the reproductive tract.
C)Gonadal steroids are important in the production of pheromones.
D)Gonadal steroids are important in the onset of puberty.

Question 23

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
For your internship at the local zoo,you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan-breeding program.Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones,but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals.You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
Refer to the paragraph on the orangutan breeding program.Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation right away?

A)estradiol (estrogen)
B)progesterone
C)luteinizing hormone (LH)
D)human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 24

How does the Pill work to prevent pregnancy?

A)It is a barrier between the vagina and the cervix.
B)It delivers progesterone leading the ovary to discontinue ovulating a new oocyte.
C)It produces an acidic environment for sperm.
D)It discourages fertilization.

Question 25

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the passage of alcohol between the maternal and fetal circulations in humans?

A)There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier.
B)Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus.
C)The maternal and fetal blood mix directly together in an area with many villi,so a barrier is impossible.
D)Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus,so evolution has resulted in an intermediate level of filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol.

Question 26

Which of the following statements support the hypothesis that the onset of puberty is related to nutritional state?

A)On average,puberty occurs at a younger age now than it did 200 years ago.
B)Girls with large fat stores generally enter puberty earlier than thin girls do.
C)Puberty is initiated by hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
D)The nutritional state of the United States population was poorer 200 years ago.
E)All of the above are observations that the onset of puberty is related to nutritional state.

Question 27

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals.Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish.They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching),juvenile (21-42 days post-hatching),and adult (over 200 days post-hatching)fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5,25,and 100 nanograms/liter)that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries.They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood.Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups.Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females.(Brion,F. ,C.R.Tyler,X.Palazzi,B.Laillet,J.M.Porcher,J.Garric,and P.Flammarion.2004.Impacts of 17β-estradiol,including environmentally relevant concentrations,on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-,juvenile-,and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio).Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217. )
Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment.What is the significance of using the concentrations of 5,25,and 100 ng/l of 17β-estradiol for the dose in this experiment?

A)These concentrations are similar to those found in many animals.
B)These concentrations are found in the environment.
C)These concentrations are effective,yet not lethal to the fish.
D)These concentrations are standard in toxicology assays.

Question 28

A physician finds that a 9-year-old male patient is entering precocial puberty.What is a potential cause for such a condition?

A)a tumor in the hypothalamus producing elevated levels of testosterone
B)a tumor in the anterior pituitary producing elevated levels of testosterone
C)a tumor in the testes producing elevated levels of estrogen
D)a tumor in the anterior pituitary producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone
E)a tumor in the hypothalamus producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone

Question 29

During the menstrual cycle,_____ peaks first,_____ peak next,and finally _____ surges.

A)estradiol;LH and progesterone;FSH
B)progesterone;LH and FSH;estradiol
C)estradiol;LH and FSH;progesterone
D)estradiol;LH and FSH;testosterone
E)testosterone;estradiol and FSH;progesterone

Question 30

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals.Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish.They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching),juvenile (21-42 days post-hatching),and adult (over 200 days post-hatching)fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5,25,and 100 nanograms/liter)that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries.They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood.Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups.Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females.(Brion,F. ,C.R.Tyler,X.Palazzi,B.Laillet,J.M.Porcher,J.Garric,and P.Flammarion.2004.Impacts of 17β-estradiol,including environmentally relevant concentrations,on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-,juvenile-,and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio).Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217. )
Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment.You are assigned to write the report to the Environmental Protection Agency,which needs to decide what level of 17β-estradiol to permit in sewage output.You do not want to make the level any lower than necessary,because it requires substantial additional money for the extra treatment of sewage.Given the data presented above,what level of 17β-estradiol would you suggest is safe to prevent feminization of fish?

A)2)5 ng/l
B)5 ng/l
C)12.5 ng/l
D)25 ng/l
E)100 ng/l

Question 31

Which embryonic tissue is responsible for forming the membrane that can be found completely surrounding the embryo while in utero?

A)ectoderm
B)mesoderm
C)endoderm
D)epiderm

Question 32

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
For your internship at the local zoo,you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan-breeding program.Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones,but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals.You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
A pregnant woman comes into the hospital past her due date.The doctor decides it is time for the baby to be delivered.Before performing a cesarean section,the doctor wants to try to induce labor.Which of the following would she most likely inject?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)luteinizing hormone (LH)
D)follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
E)oxytocin

Question 33

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
For your internship at the local zoo,you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan-breeding program.Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones,but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals.You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
Refer to the paragraph on the orangutan breeding program.Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation in a few days?

A)estradiol (estrogen)
B)progesterone
C)luteinizing hormone (LH)
D)human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 34

Figure 48.1

Based on Figure 48.1 above,showing fetal (A)and adult (B)oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curves,which of the following conclusions is true?

A)The mother binds oxygen with greater affinity than the fetus.
B)Adult saturation occurs at lower partial pressures of oxygen than fetal saturation does.
C)At 50 percent saturation,fetal blood will have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult blood will.
D)As the partial pressure of oxygen increases,adult hemoglobin approaches saturation faster than fetal hemoglobin does.