Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

A person who feels very strongly in the sanctity of human life is likely to support pro-life legislation, whereas someone who merely agrees that people have a right to live is less likely to be concerned over the legislation. This demonstrates the effect that the ________ of attitudes has on behavior.

A)conformity
B)specificity
C)accessibility
D)strength

Answer 1

strength

Question 2

Attitudes are

A)innate.
B)genetically transmitted.
C)learned.
D)all of these

Answer 2

learned.

Question 3

When you get up in the morning and think about your job that you dislike, you would really prefer to stay in bed, so you call in sick. This shows how __________ can affect behavior.

A)attitudes
B)concepts
C)schemes
D)polarization

Answer 3

attitudes

Question 4

A salesperson for vitamins gives out a medical journal article that discusses the research on a particular vitamin's benefits. The salesperson is using the ________ route to persuade customers to buy his product.

A)peripheral
B)secondary
C)primary
D)central

Question 5

Kryzanta often finds that what she feels and believes does not correspond with what she does. This is typical for most people and is what social psychologists refer to as the

A)unpredictability factor.
B)prediction problem.
C)A-B problem.
D)independence factor.

Question 6

In the elaboration likelihood model, two types of persuasive communications can be used. These are the central route and the ________ route.

A)peripheral
B)secondary
C)outside
D)none of these

Question 7

The A-B problem refers to the fact that

A)activating events and beliefs do not correspond to each other.
B)activating events have a very weak link to behaviors.
C)the link between attitudes and beliefs tends to be weak.
D)the link between attitudes and behaviors tends to be weak to moderate.

Question 8

John's parents never cared for Southerners. They thought Southerners were slow and lazy. John often heard them make jokes about the South. John is being transferred to Alabama, and he knows he won't like it because of the people there. He acquired this attitude through _______ learning.

A)classical
B)observational
C)operant
D)distance

Question 9

Dr. Fry conducts research on the attitudes of youth and dating in schools. He is a psychologist in the area of

A)school social director.
B)social psychology.
C)cultural psychology.
D)none of these

Question 10

Which of the following attitude statements is most likely to be consistent with vested interest?

A)"I'm going to stop smoking. I've done it 20 times this year."
B)"The birth of my baby made me realize that passive smoke is not good, so I'm stopping."
C)"Finals are coming. No sense in stopping smoking now."
D)"Those black lungs are scary. Maybe I should stop smoking."

Question 11

When Tamara and her classmates say the Pledge of Allegiance every morning, their teacher smiles and approves. This is an example of children acquiring attitudes such as patriotism through

A)observation.
B)conditioning.
C)rote learning.
D)innate mechanisms.

Question 12

If you were attempting to predict voters' choice in an election, it would be better to know their attitude toward the particular candidates rather than their party affiliation. This demonstrates the _______ factor of the A-B problem.

A)specificity
B)strength of attitude
C)vested interest
D)accessibility

Question 13

The ________ route is to facts and research results as the ________ route is to status and prestige.

A)peripheral; central
B)central; peripheral
C)secondary; primary
D)primary; secondary

Question 14

Research has shown that ________ to any stimulus increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorably to it.

A)repeated exposure
B)incidental similarity
C)relating
D)initial introduction

Question 15

When a famous movie star endorses a cosmetic, advertisers are using a ________ route to persuade customers to buy their product.

A)central
B)status
C)peripheral
D)prestige

Question 16

Your friend was recently killed by a drunk driver. Students from an organization against drunk drivers ask you to sign their petition and donate to their cause. You are more than happy to comply because of your friend's recent demise. This demonstrates how the ________ of your attitude influences your behavior.

A)accessibility
B)specificity
C)universality
D)conformity

Question 17

The first time that Timko saw a certain pickup truck, he immediately liked the way it performed. Later, he learned that its performance was good, but not as good as he had first thought. His initial attitude, by which he judged later ideas about the car, is what social psychologists call a

A)frontal cognition.
B)conservative attitude.
C)cognitive attitude.
D)cognitive anchor.

Question 18

Which factor influences the probability that we can predict people's behavior from attitudes?

A)Strength of attitude
B)Vested interest
C)Health status
D)Strength of attitude and vested interest

Question 19

Factors that influence the likelihood that behavior can be predicted from attitudes include the following except

A)specificity.
B)accessibility.
C)universality.
D)vested interest.

Question 20

The transformation of "ordinary" people to those who act in evil ways is known as the _____ effect.

A)911
B)mob
C)evil
D)Lucifer

Question 21

Effort justification refers to

A)when a task is very difficult, effort does not really make it more interesting.
B)effort is only justified when the ends are equal to the means.
C)effort is more important than ability.
D)the more effort you put into something, the more positive you feel about it.

Question 22

A method for getting people to comply in which a small request is followed by a larger request is known as the ________ technique.

A)door-in-the-face
B)foot-in-the-door
C)step-on-the-toe
D)touch-and-go

Question 23

Which of the following two-sided arguments is likely to be accepted as true: one in which the advertiser points out and refutes the claims of the opposition's product, or one in which the advertiser acknowledges their own product's weak points but emphasizes its strengths?

A)The latter is more likely to be accepted.
B)The former is more likely to be accepted.
C)Both arguments are equally believable.
D)Both arguments are equally unbelievable.

Question 24

Which of the following words best reflects the essence of cognitive dissonance?

A)Honesty
B)Confusion
C)Irregularity
D)Consistence

Question 25

When health warnings regarding cigarette smoking include pictures of aged, wrinkled skin, and yellow-brown teeth in addition to lung cancer, students are more likely to

A)increase their smoking habit.
B)ignore the warnings.
C)decrease their smoking habit.
D)none of these

Question 26

Researchers such as Schwartz and Gottman (1976) have found that people who go along with unreasonable requests are more likely to have thoughts such as,

A)"It doesn't matter what the other person thinks of me."
B)"I am perfectly free to say no."
C)"I don't care what this salesperson thinks about me."
D)none of these

Question 27

When Hillary Clinton first presents her opponent's side of the argument in a debate (even if it is in weakened form), she is using the technique known as

A)the opposition's opposite.
B)the two-sided argument.
C)triangulation.
D)strangulation.

Question 28

Which newscaster is an individual most likely to watch on a regular basis?

A)Peter Jennings, who always opposes her views
B)Dan Rather, who shows no affinity for a particular view
C)Tom Brokaw, who agrees with her views
D)None of these

Question 29

Classic research suggests that the favorable effects of repeated exposure are most likely when

A)the stimuli are complex.
B)the stimuli are simple.
C)there is music involved.
D)there is no music involved.

Question 30

Persuasive communicators usually have a good deal of

A)expertise.
B)attractiveness.
C)trustworthiness.
D)all of these

Question 31

Adriana is interested in persuading her customer to buy an expensive car. She would not want him to evaluate his situation carefully. Consequently, she should

A)attempt to get him in a good mood.
B)use a two-sided argument.
C)try to put him in a bad mood.
D)do none of these

Question 32

Deliberately looking for and paying attention to information that is consistent with one's attitudes is

A)selective elaboration.
B)selective avoidance.
C)selective exposure.
D)selective appeal.

Question 33

Tom wants to persuade his spouse to select the same movie he wants to see so they don't have a disagreement. Tom should

A)not ask for his wife's opinion.
B)pay her a compliment and agree her choice is worthwhile before introducing his selection.
C)criticize her choice.
D)none of these

Question 34

If you have given to the local children's charitable organization for the homeless in the past, you will most likely

A)refuse the next time.
B)triple your donation the next time.
C)give the same as last time.
D)be willing to collect donations for them in your own neighborhood the next time.

Question 35

Josephus was a psychology major in college and now works for an ad agency. His boss tells him to create the type of ad that would be most believable. Joe remembers from General Psych 101 that

A)giving a direct, one-sided appeal to the consumer is best.
B)one-sided appeals never work.
C)two-sided product claims are the most believable.
D)two-sided appeals always work.

Question 36

Terry ordered a steak to be cooked medium rare. When she received the steak, it was well done. She informed the waiter, who then asked if she could make the best of it since they were so busy. Terry is more likely to comply with this unreasonable request if she is

A)high in self-esteem but low in social anxiety.
B)assertive.
C)low in self-esteem but high in social anxiety.
D)not concerned about the waiter's feelings.

Question 37

A cosmetic company is interested in selling its product by targeting women's concerns over their appearance particularly regarding aging. A technique that is likely to work would be a(n) ________ advertising campaign.

A)CEO participating in the
B)attack on other products'
C)youth-oriented
D)fear appeal

Question 38

In a psychological experiment, Jill was paid $1 to take sewing spools out of a box and place them in another box. Jack was paid $20 to do the same task. When they finished, they were told to tell someone else that the task was positive. Finally, they each were asked how they felt about the task. According to cognitive dissonance, which of the following is correct?

A)They both said the task was boring.
B)Jack felt positive about the task while Jill did not.
C)Jill felt more positive about the task than Jack.
D)Jack and Jill both thought the task was good.

Question 39

The "Save the World by Praying" association predicted the world would end on November 1, 1999. When the world did not end on that day, the group made a statement that supported the theory of cognitive dissonance. Which of the statements below would fit that description?

A)"We were wrong, prayer does not help."
B)"God did not listen to us."
C)"Our praying must have saved the world."
D)"We are confused about all this."

Question 40

If a clothing company wants to sell its product to adolescents, it would be best to have a _______ endorse its product.

A)teenager
B)teen idol
C)parent
D)child

Question 41

People form prejudices because of which factor(s)?

A)Social learning
B)Social conflict
C)Dissimilarity
D)All of these

Question 42

The media often presents certain racial groups as less capable or successful. This can encourage

A)prejudice.
B)polarization.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)social facilitation.

Question 43

According to the ________ hypothesis, we are most likely to be attracted to someone who is similar to us.

A)matching
B)attraction-similarity
C)birds of a feather
D)opposites attract

Question 44

In ________ terms, prejudice is connected with attitudinal differences.

A)cognitive
B)dissimilarity
C)behavioral
D)all of these

Question 45

Attitudes that are based on overgeneralizations that can be positive or negative are called

A)stereotypes.
B)judgment calls.
C)biased beliefs.
D)none of these

Question 46

A landlord has an apartment to rent. Even though it is vacant, when two college students come to inquire, the landlord informs them that the apartment has already been rented. This is because of his belief that college students throw wild parties and destroy property. The landlord's behavior of refusal is an example of

A)prejudice.
B)attitude.
C)discrimination.
D)belief.

Question 47

An attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively is known as

A)discrimination.
B)prejudice.
C)stereotype.
D)consensus.

Question 48

Men are viewed as more attractive by women when they are

A)introverted.
B)agoraphobic.
C)submissive.
D)assertive.

Question 49

Lathisha chooses to sit by her other African-American friends rather than sit with a group of Caucasian students. Her behavior might be due to

A)automatic prejudice.
B)prejudice.
C)discrimination.
D)dissimilarity.

Question 50

During difficult economic times, when people become frustrated because they can't find jobs, they look for someone to blame. This can lead to

A)polarization.
B)social facilitation.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)prejudice.

Question 51

Research shows that in regards to weight and physical attraction,

A)some cultures prefer plumpness.
B)men prefer women to be heavier than women presume.
C)women prefer men to be slimmer than men presume.
D)all of these

Question 52

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love suggests love is made up of

A)intimacy, romance, and loyalty.
B)commitment, intimacy, and passion.
C)passion, arousal, and communication.
D)commitment, loyalty, and respect.

Question 53

Roger is a 25-year-old Caucasian male from Atlanta, Georgia. He is Presbyterian, graduated from college, and works in a bookstore. According to the research, which of the following would be a good partner for Roger?

A)Katharine, who is European-American, 30, likes movies, and has a high school diploma
B)Ann, who is European-American, 24, in graduate school, and belongs to the Unitarian church
C)Shannon, who is African American, 25, Catholic, and graduated from college
D)Lise, who is 26, Asian American, Presbyterian, and has a law degree

Question 54

The link between red and physical attraction may be due to all except which of the following?

A)Elevated estrogen levels
B)Oxygentated blood levels
C)Social status
D)Vulnerability.

Question 55

Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and are able to count on each other for emotional support. Their relationship demonstrates

A)passion.
B)romance.
C)intimacy.
D)commitment.

Question 56

Jeannie worries that her daughter is too thin. This belief demonstrates

A)wedding anxiety.
B)an inborn preference.
C)her cultural values.
D)a moral imperative.

Question 57

Factors that contribute to attraction are

A)wealth, status, and education.
B)physical appearance, similarity, and reciprocity.
C)height, employment, and education.
D)weight, status, and religion.

Question 58

Prejudices can form because of people's tendency to divide our social world into "us" and "them." This is known as

A)social learning.
B)social conflict.
C)social categorization.
D)social victimization.

Question 59

Cross-cultural feminine features for male attraction include

A)small eyes, round face, and wide jaw.
B)large eyes, high cheekbones, and large lips.
C)large eyes, high cheekbones, and narrow jaws.
D)small eyes, long face, and high cheekbones.

Question 60

Research has shown that people who ________ are more likely to have positive interactions with others.

A)are beautiful
B)are self-confident
C)smile
D)are shy

Question 61

Wearing a suit and getting a haircut before a job interview would fall into which category of social perception?

A)Primacy effect
B)Recency effect
C)Cognitive dissonance
D)Decency effect

Question 62

When the distinctiveness of a person's behavior is low, we tend to make _______ attributions.

A)fundamental
B)external
C)situational
D)internal

Question 63

Evan and Charles are physically attracted to each other and can't stand to be apart. Their relationship demonstrates

A)passion.
B)intimacy
C)commitment.
D)none of these

Question 64

The first time you met your fiancée, you fell down and spilt a glass of red wine on her dress. You obviously didn't make a very good first impression. However, several months later, you saw her again. Your second meeting went much better, and it was almost as if your first encounter never happened. This is probably due to

A)the primary effect.
B)the recency effect.
C)repression.
D)discrimination.

Question 65

The closing argument in a trial would fall into which category of social perception?

A)Primacy effect
B)Recency effect
C)Cognitive dissonance
D)Decency effect

Question 66

The self-serving bias is the tendency to

A)repeat ourselves when we think we're right.
B)take care of our own needs first and worry about others later.
C)credit our successes to internal, dispositional factors and our failures to situational influences.
D)describe our successes in greater detail than our failures.

Question 67

When a person acts consistently the same way on many different occasions, we tend to make a(n) __________ attribution.

A)dispositional
B)situational
C)fundamental
D)external

Question 68

The ________ offers an explanation for why men are less willing to commit to a relationship.

A)commitment hypothesis
B)Peter Pan syndrome
C)affective shift hypothesis
D)interpersonal hypothesis

Question 69

When a nation (e.g. Iraq), like an individual, tends to attribute too much of the other nation's (e.g., the United States) behavior to dispositional factors, it is

A)following the tenets of socialism.
B)making the fundamental attribution error.
C)behaving according to the theory of "the decline of the West."
D)all of these

Question 70

Mr. and Mrs. Jones have been married for 50 years. They have shared closeness and
Romance and have always worked at maintaining the relationship. Their relationship demonstrates ______ love.

A)enduring
B)consummate
C)fairy tale
D)passionate

Question 71

You observe two strangers in a heated argument that results in a physical fight. You will most likely assume

A)one probably took something and the other is merely trying to get it back.
B)one has treated the other unfairly.
C)they are very aggressive individuals.
D)any of these are just as likely

Question 72

The tendency to assume that others act mainly on the basis of their dispositions (e.g., personality traits) is the _____________ error.

A)situational attribution
B)actual attribution
C)fundamental attribution
D)self-serving

Question 73

Attribution theory focuses on

A)the acquisition and changing of attitudes.
B)the process by which people make inferences about other people's behavior.
C)the formation of beliefs and attitudes.
D)the process by which people make decisions about preferences.

Question 74

Your friend Claire got lost on her way to your house. You figure she must have no sense of direction and that is why she was lost. You are making a ________ attribution.

A)dispositional
B)situational
C)prejudice
D)negative

Question 75

You just received an outstanding grade on your research paper. You are likely to attribute your success to

A)your excellent academic abilities.
B)chance or fate.
C)your teacher's coaching.
D)your friend's assistance.

Question 76

The factors that contribute to the process of attribution include all of the following except

A)consensus.
B)distinctiveness.
C)consistency.
D)situation.

Question 77

Jesse had a car accident. You decide the accident was the result of slippery road conditions. You are making a ________ attribution.

A)dispositional
B)situational
C)prejudice
D)negative

Question 78

The ________ effect refers to the fact that we tend to attribute our own reaction to influences to external factors while at the same time attributing others' reactions as internal factors.

A)fundamental attribution
B)actor-observer
C)situational
D)perception

Question 79

Sherry and Phil had a short-term relationship. Which aspect of the triangular model of love is most important in their relationship?

A)Envy
B)Danger
C)Mystery
D)Passion

Question 80

Dispositional attributions are to ________ distinctiveness as situational attributions are to ________ distinctiveness.

A)high; low
B)low; high
C)average; low
D)high; moderate