Deck 17: The Reproductive System

Question 1

During spermatogenesis, what do the first and second meiotic divisions yield

A)primary spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes
B)secondary spermatocytes and spermatids
C)spermatids and spermatozoa
D)spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of these statements does NOT apply to testosterone

A)Its secretion is stimulated by LH.
B)It is secreted by the seminiferous tubules.
C)It stimulates spermatogenesis.
D)It promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which structure(s) below secrete(s) male sex hormone

A)seminal vesicles
B)prostate gland
C)Sertoli cells
D)interstitial cells

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of these actions is NOT stimulated by testosterone

A)masculinization of the developing reproductive tract and external genitalia
B)descent of the testes into the scrotum
C)remodelling of spermatid
D)development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics

Question 5

Which factor is responsible for differentiating the embryonic gonads into testes

A)the sex-determining region of the X chromosome
B)the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome
C)autosomal chromosomes
D)male gonadal-determining factor

Question 6

During spermatogenesis, one spermatogonium containing 46 chromosomes yields __________________

A)16 spermatozoa, each containing 23 chromosomes.
B)2 spermatozoa, each containing 23 chromosomes.
C)1 spermatozoon containing 46 chromosomes.
D)1 spermatozoon containing 23 chromosomes, and a polar body containing the other 23 chromosomes.

Question 7

Which of these statements refers to Wolffian ducts

A)They develop into the female reproductive tract under the influence of estrogen.
B)They develop into male external genitalia under the influence of dihydrotestosterone.
C)They develop into the male reproductive tract under the influence of testosterone.
D)They develop into female external genitalia.

Question 8

Which of these statements does NOT describe sex differentiation

A)A Y chromosome stimulates production of H-Y antigen by primitive gonadal cells.
B)Early in development, embryos of both sexes have the same indifferent reproductive tissues capable of differentiating into either a male or female reproductive system.
C)Secretion of testosterone and Müllerian-inhibiting factor by the fetal testes induces development of the reproductive tract and external genitalia along male lines.
D)Ovaries must be present for feminization of the reproductive tract and external genitalia to occur.

Question 9

Why are the testes located outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotal sac

A)to permit temperature-sensitive spermatogenesis
B)to protect the gonads against injury
C)to permit testosterone secretion
D)to maintain the testes at a higher than normal body temperature

Question 10

Which of these statements does NOT apply to testosterone

A)It is responsible for the male secondary sexual characteristics.
B)It stimulates spermatogenesis.
C)Its secretion is stimulated by FSH.
D)It develops sex drive at puberty.

Question 11

What is the primary reproductive organ in the male

A)testes
B)prostate gland
C)seminal vesicles
D)bulbourethral glands

Question 12

What does the acrosome of the spermatozoon contain

A)the sperm's genetic information
B)mitochondria for energy production
C)fructose, which provides energy for the spermatozoa
D)enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the ovum

Question 13

Which of these factors is NOT associated with sex determination and differentiation in a male

A)degeneration of Wolffian ducts
B)differentiation of indifferent gonadal tissue into testes under the influence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome
C)production of H-Y antigen
D)secretion of Müllerian-inhibiting factor

Question 14

Which of these statements does NOT apply to testosterone

A)It is secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes.
B)It exerts a general protein anabolic effect.
C)It causes enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords.
D)It may induce aggressive behaviour.

Question 15

Which structure(s) is/are inferior to the bladder in males

A)epididymis and vas deferens
B)seminal vesicles
C)prostate gland
D)penis

Question 16

Which of these statements describes a secondary spermatocyte

A)haploid with unduplicated chromosomes
B)diploid with duplicated chromosomes
C)diploid with unduplicated chromosomes
D)haploid with duplicated chromosomes

Question 17

Which of these structures in a female reproductive system is similar to that of the penis

A)bulbourethral gland
B)clitoris
C)labia minora
D)ovary

Question 18

Which of the following compounds directly controls spermatogenesis

A)LH
B)testosterone
C)prostaglandin
D)FSH

Question 19

Which of these female structures has tissue composition similar to the penis

A)cervical canal
B)clitoris
C)fallopian tube
D)labia majora

Question 20

Which of these statements describes spermatogenesis

A)It occurs in the seminiferous tubules.
B)It begins with spermatocytes
C)It is controlled by both testosterone and FSH.
D)It is by meiotic division.

Question 21

Which structure consists of a diploid chromosome number

A)primary spermatocyte
B)secondary oocyte
C)secondary spermatocyte
D)spermatid

Question 22

Where are the sperm cells stored for maturation

A)prostate gland
B)bulbourethral glands
C)epididymis
D)Leydig cells

Question 23

Which of these statements applies to inhibin

A)It is produced by the Sertoli cells.
B)It is produced by the developing sperm cells.
C)It signals the posterior pituitary gland.
D)It promotes sperm production.

Question 24

Which of these statements describes the prostate gland

A)It secretes an alkaline solution that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions.
B)It secretes mucus for lubrication.
C)It provides a site for final maturation for fertility and motility for the spermatozoa.
D)It contains portions of the ductus deferens.

Question 25

Which structure serves as a common passageway for two tracts in the male

A)ductus deferens
B)ejaculatory duct
C)ureter
D)urethra

Question 26

Which pair of items is NOT correctly associated

A)androgen-binding protein and Leydig cells
B)follicle-stimulating hormone and Sertoli cells
C)blood-testes barrier and Sertoli cells
D)spermatogonia and acrosome formation

Question 27

Which of these statements applies to prostaglandins

A)They are produced by most body tissues.
B)They are derivatives of arachidonic acid.
C)They act locally within or near their site of production.
D)They promote sperm transport by stimulating smooth-muscle contractions.

Question 28

Which of these statements refers to the seminal vesicles

A)They store sperm prior to ejaculation.
B)They supply fructose to be utilized by the sperm for energy.
C)They secrete FSH.
D)They play a primary role in lubricating the urethra.

Question 29

Which of these is NOT a function of the primary sex organs

A)to produce estrogen
B)to produce testosterone
C)to produce progesterone
D)to produce seminal fluids

Question 30

A reduction in the secretion of what hormone may serve as the trigger for the onset of puberty

A)inhibin
B)melatonin
C)adrenal androgen
D)gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells

A)to provide a blood-testes barrier
B)to phagocytize cytoplasm extruded from sperm during their development
C)to secrete testosterone
D)to secrete androgen-binding protein

Question 32

Which statement does NOT describe GnRH

A)It stimulates both FSH and LH secretion.
B)It is stimulated by testosterone.
C)It has low-level activity during the prepubertal period.
D)It is secreted by the hypothalamus.

Question 33

Which statement does NOT describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A)One primary spermatocyte or one primary oocyte containing 46 chromosomes respectively yields two spermatozoa or two ova, each containing 23 chromosomes.
B)There is a continual supply of spermatogonia through mitotic activity.
C)The first meiotic division involved in oogenesis is completed just prior to ovulation.
D)It takes anywhere from about 11 to 50 years for the process of oogenesis to be completed.

Question 34

What is the order in which the glands add seminal fluid to migrating sperm cells in the male reproductive tract

A)seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
B)bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, prostate
C)prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles
D)bulbourethral glands, prostate, seminal vesicles

Question 35

Which of these is NOT a function of the Sertoli cells

A)to secrete seminiferous tubule fluid
B)to phagocytize cytoplasm extruded from developing sperm, and destroy defective sperm
C)to secrete melatonin
D)to secrete inhibin

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT apply to spermatogenesis

A)FSH is required for spermatid remodelling.
B)LH is required for spermatid remodelling.
C)Testosterone is essential for mitosis of the spermatogonia.
D)Testosterone is required for meiosis of the germ cells.

Question 37

Which of these statements describes prostaglandins

A)They are present in the semen and are secreted by the prostate gland.
B)They may be involved in sperm transport within both the male and the female reproductive tracts.
C)They exert a powerful inhibitory effect on uterine musculature.
D)They exert influences only on the reproductive system.

Question 38

Which of these statements describes the prostate gland

A)It secretes prostaglandins.
B)It supplies fructose, which is utilized by the sperm for energy production.
C)It secretes an alkaline medium that is important to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions.
D)It secretes a mucus-like substance for lubrication.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a function of the seminal vesicles

A)to supply fructose, which serves as the primary energy source for ejaculated sperm
B)to secrete prostaglandins
C)to secrete fibrinogen
D)to secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions

Question 40

What is the sequence of the structures that sperm travel through prior to ejaculation

A)ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra
B)urethra, ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct
C)epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
D)urethra, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens

Question 41

Which of these statements does NOT describe control of ovarian hormone secretion

A)Low levels of estrogen inhibit the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary in negative-feedback fashion.
B)Under the influence of estrogen from developing follicles, secretion of both FSH and LH continues to decline throughout the follicular phase.
C)Both estrogen and progesterone are required to completely inhibit tonic LH secretion.
D)A high level of estrogen stimulates LH secretion and initiates the LH surge.

Question 42

Which of these statements describes oogenesis

A)The first meiotic division occurs just prior to ovulation, and the second meiotic division is triggered by fertilization.
B)It is triggered by release of estrogen.
C)Oogonia proliferate mitotically throughout the reproductive life of a female.
D)It begins after a baby girl is born and is triggered by release of estrogen.

Question 43

Which of the following describes the number of primary oocytes in a female

A)The number is decreased continually throughout her reproductive life, from puberty to menopause.
B)The number is constant during her reproductive life because those that are lost are continuously replaced by an equal number of new primary oocytes.
C)The number increases at the time of menopause.
D)The number contains a haploid number of chromosomes.

Question 44

Which of the following does NOT occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A)the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
B)the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle
C)estrogen secretion
D)progesterone secretion

Question 45

Which of these statements applies to the corpus luteum

A)It develops from the polar body after ovulation.
B)It develops from the fertilized ovum through a process of division and differentiation.
C)It develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation.
D)During pregnancy, it is stimulated by estrogen and progesterone secretion from the placenta.

Question 46

Which of these factors does NOT contribute to follicular development and estrogen secretion

A)FSH
B)LH
C)progesterone
D)GnRH

Question 47

What is the sequence of phases in the sexual response cycle

A)plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
B)excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
C)plateau, orgasm, excitement, resolution
D)excitement, resolution, orgasm, plateau

Question 48

Which layer of the uterus is shed each month with menstruation

A)the stratum functionalis of the endometrium
B)the myometrium
C)the perimetrium
D)the stratum basalis of the endometrium

Question 49

Which of these events does NOT occur in the female sexual response cycle

A)erection of the clitoris
B)tightening of the outer third of the vagina
C)"tenting" of the upper two-thirds of the vagina
D)constriction of vaginal capillaries

Question 50

Ovulation occurs with peak concentrations of which one of these hormones secreted into the blood

A)estrogen
B)FSH
C)LH
D)progesterone

Question 51

Which ovarian hormone is secreted during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A)FSH
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)LH

Question 52

Which of these statements does NOT describe why polar bodies form during oogenesis

A)to produce four gametes, each with adequate amounts of nutrients
B)to produce one functional gamete with maximal nutrient content for the ovum
C)to provide all the cytoplasmic components for the ovum
D)to provide structural and enzymatic proteins for the ovum

Question 53

What happens during oogenesis

A)Thousands of primary oocytes are formed.
B)One primary oocyte yields 16 mature ova.
C)One primary oocyte yields one mature ovum.
D)Four daughter cells receive cytoplasm.

Question 54

Which of these statements pertains to FSH

A)It is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates antrum formation in developing ovarian follicles.
B)It is produced by developing ovarian follicles.
C)It is produced by developing ovarian follicles and is sometimes referred to as ICSH in males.
D)It is secreted only in females.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a component of the overall ejaculatory response

A)Arterioles supplying the penis dilate, causing the erectile tissue to fill with blood and the penis to become erect.
B)The smooth muscles of the prostate, reproductive ducts, and seminal vesicles contract, resulting in emission.
C)Semen is expelled from the penis by a series of rapid contractions of skeletal muscles at the base of the penis.
D)Rhythmical contractions and accompanying systemic responses are associated with a pleasant sensation known as orgasm.

Question 56

About how many sperm does an average human ejaculate contain

A)100-120 thousand
B)20-30 million
C)100-120 million
D)300-400 million

Question 57

Which statement does NOT describe erection

A)It involves dilation of the arterioles supplying the sponge-like vascular spaces of the penis.
B)It results from cGMP production induced by nitric oxide.
C)It occurs when the seminiferous tubules of the penis become engorged with sperm.
D)It occurs when sympathetic input to the arterioles is inhibited.

Question 58

An increase in the secretion of which hormone initiates the beginning of the ovarian cycle

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)LH
D)FSH

Question 59

What is the sequence of the menstrual (uterine) cycle

A)menstrual phase, progestational phase, proliferative phase, ovulation
B)menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulation, progestational phase
C)proliferative phase, menstrual phase, ovulation, progestational phase
D)progestational phase, ovulation, menstrual phase, proliferative phase

Question 60

Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the corpus luteum

A)FSH
B)estrogen only
C)progesterone only
D)both estrogen and progesterone

Question 61

Which of the following is the sequence of the normal fetal developmental stages

A)blastocyst, morula, zygote, embryo, fetus
B)blastocyst, zygote, embryo, morula, fetus
C)morula, embryo, blastocyst, zygote, fetus
D)zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus

Question 62

Which of these statements does NOT describe the trophoblast

A)It is destined to become the fetus.
B)It is responsible for accomplishing implantation.
C)It is destined to become the fetal portion of the placenta.
D)It is the outermost layer of blastocyst.

Question 63

When does implantation normally occur

A)during the menstrual phase
B)about three days after fertilization
C)during the secretory, or progestational, phase
D)about three days before fertilization

Question 64

During which phase of the uterine cycle is the secretion of progesterone at a significant level

A)menstrual phase
B)proliferative phase
C)secretory phase
D)progestational phase

Question 65

Which of these statements does NOT describe the placenta

A)It secretes human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone.
B)It serves the functions of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems for the fetus.
C)It contains a mixture of both maternal and fetal blood.
D)It is fully operational in five weeks.

Question 66

Which of these statements does NOT apply to the proliferative phase of the menstrual (uterine) cycle

A)occurs when the ovarian cycle is in the follicular phase
B)lasts from menstruation to ovulation
C)occurs when the endometrium is shedding
D)occurs under the influence of estrogen

Question 67

The placenta performs the functions of all the following for the fetus EXCEPT

A)the digestive system.
B)the respiratory system.
C)the circulatory system.
D)the kidneys.

Question 68

Which of these statements describes the morula

A)It is surrounded by the zona pellucida.
B)If it fails to descend into the uterus and continues to develop and implant in the lining of oviduct ectopic, then tubal pregnancy will result.
C)It is formed when the blastocyst continues to proliferate and differentiate.
D)It is formed three to four days after fertilization.

Question 69

During fertilization, sperm bind to specific receptor sites on the surface of what structure

A)zona pellucida
B)corona radiata
C)plasma membrane of the ovum
D)polar body

Question 70

Which of these events does NOT occur during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle

A)A new ovarian follicular phase begins.
B)Corpus luteum degenerates.
C)The uterine vessels constrict in response to release of a uterine prostaglandin.
D)Estrogen and progesterone levels reach their highest concentrations.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a function of estrogen

A)to promote fat deposition
B)to promote closure of the epiphyseal plates
C)to stimulate duct development in the breasts
D)to cause the cervical mucus to become thick and sticky

Question 72

How do birth control pills act as contraceptives

A)by preventing development of the endometrium into a suitable site for implantation
B)by preventing ovulation and inhibiting GnRH and thus FSH and LH secretion
C)by killing sperm
D)by increasing muscular contractions in the female reproductive tract so that ovulated eggs are flushed out before they have a chance to be fertilized

Question 73

Which of the following does NOT characterize fertilization

A)a sperm's fertilin proteins binding to the ovum's integrin molecules
B)a block to polyspermy
C)multiple sperms penetrating the ovum
D)assistance by sperm's tail in penetration of the ovum

Question 74

Which of these statements does NOT describe implantation

A)It is accomplished by enzymatic activity of the trophoblastic layer of the blastocyst.
B)The endometrium at the site of implantation is converted into the nutrient-rich decidua.
C)It occurs within 24 hours after fertilization.
D)It begins when trophoblastic cells are in contact with the endometrium.

Question 75

Which of these statements does NOT describe human chorionic gonadotropin

A)It is secreted by the placenta.
B)It maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy.
C)Its presence in the urine is the basis of diagnostic pregnancy tests.
D)It is secreted at high levels throughout the pregnancy period

Question 76

What is the normal site of fertilization

A)ovary
B)uterus
C)oviduct
D)vagina

Question 77

Which of the following happens in the blastocyst

A)The trophoblast is destined to become the fetus.
B)The trophoblast is destined to become the fetal portion of the placenta.
C)The trophoblast is destined to become the inner cell mass.
D)The blastocoel serves the functions of the digestive system, lungs, and kidneys for the fetus.

Question 78

What is the trophoblast of the blastocyst destined to become

A)the fetus
B)the amniotic sac
C)the inner cell mass
D)the fetal portion of the placenta

Question 79

When a woman is taking the contraceptive pill, or when she is pregnant, her levels of ovarian steroids and pituitary gonadotropins are most similar to those that normally occur during the _______________

A)menstrual phase.
B)follicular phase.
C)luteal phase.
D)proliferative phase.

Question 80

Which of these hormones causes the endometrial glands to fill with glycogen, and endometrial blood vessels to become more numerous

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)FSH
D)LH