Deck 1: Understanding Ethics

Question 1

The terms morals is applied to a society while the term values is used when referring to an individual.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Virtue ethics is the concept of living your life according to the similar virtues of different societies.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Moral standards are independent of religious beliefs.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Rules of appropriate individual behavior represents the idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis in our behavior and other types of decisions we make.

Question 5

The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior.

Question 6

Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis as individuals observe the examples,both positive and negative,set by everyone around them.

Question 7

Individuals acquire their personal moral standards in the same way that they learn the alphabet.

Question 8

A set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior refers to a value system.

Question 9

Happiness and health are examples of instrumental values that are pursued to reach another value.

Question 10

A society is a closed,confined unit in which people have to follow a distinct religion.

Question 11

Every religion in the world shares the Golden Rule.

Question 12

Simple truth is one of the four basic categories of ethics and can be expressed simply as doing the right thing.

Question 13

The problem with virtue ethics is that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.

Question 14

The concept of universal ethics argues that there are certain principles that should apply to a select few ethical judgments.

Question 15

Ethics for the greater good is also referred to as utilitarianism.

Question 16

An intrinsic value means that the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value.

Question 17

Jason is a high-school senior whose peers are into drugs.He also has a family history of substance abuse.This will have no impact his moral standards.

Question 18

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you is the Golden Rule.

Question 19

The problem with ethics for the greater good is the idea that the ends justify the means.

Question 20

The problem with utilitarianism is the focus on doing the most good for a select few,such as Adolf Hitler and his idea of launching a national genocide against Jews on the ethical grounds of restoring the Aryan race.

Question 21

Applied ethics is the study of theories related to the Golden Rule.

Question 22

Kohlberg stated that it would be impossible for a person to comprehend the moral issues and dilemmas at a level so far beyond his or her life experience and education.

Question 23

Arthur Dobrin identified 15 questions that one should consider when resolving an ethical dilemma.

Question 24

At the lowest level of moral development,a person's response to a perception of right and wrong is initially directly linked to the expectation of punishment or reward.

Question 25

An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision,but rather a right or right answer.

Question 26

The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to make a decision.

Question 27

According to Kohlberg's framework,an individual can jump beyond the next stage of his or her six stages.

Question 28

Ethical dilemmas are the study of how ethical theories are put into practice.

Question 29

Due to aggressive competition,Amanda feels pressured to copy an assignment from a friend and the Internet to get good grades.She feels the professor would not be able to figure out what she did.With this ethical dilemma,the first thing Amanda must do is analyze her actions without thinking about consequences.

Question 30

In the third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning,a person is focused on meeting the expectations of friends and coworkers and how something will affect their life.

Question 31

An ethical dilemma can be resolved with a satisfactory answer to the problem.

Question 32

The first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to analyze the actions.

Question 33

The highest level of ethical reasoning is the postconventional level.

Question 34

The process of ethical reasoning involves looking at the available information and then drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards.

Question 35

The last stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is conventional.

Question 36

The problem with universal ethics is the idea that the ends justify the means.

Question 37

The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community are in control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make.

Question 38

Preconventional is the lowest level of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning.

Question 39

Ethical relativism is where the traditions of one's society,one's personal opinions,and the circumstances of the present moment define their ethical principles.

Question 40

The third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is law-and-order orientation.

Question 41

_____ can be said to have instrumental value.

A) Money
B) Self-respect
C) Happiness
D) Health

Question 42

The difference between intrinsic value and instrumental value is that:

A) intrinsic value refers to the adoption of those standards that are ultimately unique to a society.
B) instrumental value refers to the quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value.
C) instrumental value refers to the quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake,whether anything comes from that pursuit or not.
D) intrinsic value refers to values acquired through media and religion.

Question 43

_____ refers to a set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior.

A) Traditional norm
B) Value system
C) Extrinsic norm
D) Utilitarianism

Question 44

The quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value is known as _____.

A) intrinsic value
B) extrinsic norm
C) instrumental value
D) traditional norm

Question 45

Which of the following is one of the four basic categories of ethics?

A) Personal integrity
B) Psychological behaviorism
C) Rules of differentiation
D) Stretched truth

Question 46

Alison Anderson,the CEO of Anderson Inc.,laid the foundation for an apt professional behavior in her workplace.She was honest,aware,and sensitive and is considered a role model by young entrepreneurs.Which of the following basic categories of ethics is depicted in this scenario?

A) Simple truth
B) Rules of differentiation
C) Personal integrity
D) Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society

Question 47

Riley was granted the title of Doctor of Medicine by a medical school in Ohio.His parents were extremely happy and content with his achievement.The worth attached to the feelings experienced by Riley's parents is an example of _____.

A) an unconventional value
B) an intrinsic value
C) an instrumental value
D) the Golden Rule

Question 48

The quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake,whether anything comes from that pursuit or not is called a(n)_____.

A) traditional norm
B) instrumental value
C) extrinsic norm
D) intrinsic value

Question 49

Society refers to a(n):

A) environment that does not mention acceptable standard of good and bad behavior.
B) closed,confined unit in which people have to follow a distinct religion.
C) group of individuals who share similar psychological order and community resources.
D) structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs.

Question 50

Which of the following statements accurately explains the basic categories of ethics?

A) A question of someone's personal character,his or her integrity,is not one of the basic categories of ethics.
B) Personal integrity,a category of ethics,looks at ethics from an external rather than an internal viewpoint.
C) Simple truth is an assumption of the four basic categories of ethics.
D) Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society is only applicable to closed societies.

Question 51

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you explains the _____.

A) golden rule
B) simple truth
C) moral justice
D) operational rule

Question 52

The field of _____ is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior.

A) metaphilosophy
B) ethics
C) aesthetics
D) epistemology

Question 53

Amanda and Ross have been chosen to go to Ethiopia for their university's International Student Exchange Program.They read about the beliefs,attitudes,practices,norms,traditions,cuisine,and music of Ethiopia to better adapt to the place.Amanda and Ross are reading about the _____ aspect of Ethiopia.

A) cultural
B) economical
C) political
D) philosophical

Question 54

Which of the following indicates the rules of appropriate individual behavior?

A) Jamie had a strict family upbringing that had major impact on his personal moral standards.
B) Mitchell had never lied to her parents or done anything without their consent.
C) Damian always reaches the workplace before time and is always the last one to leave.
D) Alice travels to different countries for work and conducts herself according to the culture of the country she visits.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of morals and values?

A) The terms morals and values define a society,and not an individual.
B) The term morals is used to refer to an individual while the term values is used in the context of a society.
C) The terms morals and values are often used to mean the same thing.
D) Values refer to religious judgments while morals refer to coded behavior.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of simple truth?

A) Ronald lives a life true to his moral standard and is considered the ideal son by his parents.
B) Jonathan's personal value system helps him to stay away from simple conflicts.
C) Amelia believes that murder is wrong,a view supported by most people.
D) Cathy respects her parents and is always keen on helping her neighbors.

Question 57

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies instrumental value?

A) Victoria possesses half a million in her bank account.
B) Eighty-year Mathew is in good health.
C) Cathy is always happy.
D) Fernando is upset with his poor SAT scores.

Question 58

_____ can be said to have intrinsic value.

A) Money
B) A package holiday
C) A job offer
D) Health

Question 59

Which of the following will most likely influence the moral standards of an individual?

A) Change of government in the individual's home country
B) A strict family upbringing
C) Attitude of people in the neighboring country
D) An opportunity to learn a foreign language

Question 60

_____ is just doing the right thing,and it is something most people can understand and support.

A) Memory conformity
B) The rule of differentiation
C) Double think
D) A simple truth

Question 61

_____ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves.

A) Ethics for the greater good
B) Normative ethics
C) Ethical relativism
D) Virtue ethics

Question 62

The theory of _____ places actions within a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation.

A) normative ethics
B) universal ethics
C) reductionism
D) utilitarianism

Question 63

Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people is referred to as _____.

A) virtue ethics
B) normative ethics
C) ethical relativism
D) utilitarianism

Question 64

Charlotte works at an advertising agency.She is usually late in responding to e-mails.She realizes this after an important project,she was responsible for,was delayed due to similar behavior from her manager.Now,Charlotte replies to her e-mails on time.Which of the following would indicate that this change in Charlotte's behavior was a result of adopting the Golden rule?

A) Charlotte empathized with others when she faced a similar situation.
B) Charlotte was afraid that her manager would give her a low rating.
C) Charlotte wanted to impress her colleagues.
D) Charlotte had no friends and was lonely.

Question 65

Joe feels pressured to lie to his client to keep an important contract because of intense market competition.He feels they will never discover the truth.Joe is:

A) facing a functional fixedness.
B) facing an ethical dilemma.
C) contemplating the instrumental value attached to the contract.
D) expressing a simple truth.

Question 66

Universal ethics argues that:

A) societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
B) ends justify the means.
C) there are certain principles that should apply to all ethical judgments.
D) everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Question 67

Which of the following questions is identified by Arthur Dobrin to resolve an ethical dilemma?

A) What do your feelings tell you?
B) What are the alternatives?
C) What can be done to resolve the problem?
D) What will people think of you if you don't find a solution?

Question 68

According to the concept of _____,the traditions of your society,your personal opinions,and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles.

A) universal ethics
B) normative ethics
C) ethical relativism
D) utilitarianism

Question 69

The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _____.

A) meta-ethics
B) normative ethics
C) descriptive ethics
D) applied ethics

Question 70

The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity established the concept of _____.

A) philosophical ethics
B) virtue ethics
C) The Golden Rule
D) utilitarianism

Question 71

The basic assumption of ethical theory is that:

A) a person as an individual or community is in control of all the factors that influence the choices they make.
B) everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
C) individuals share similar standards in a community.
D) an individual's pursuit of an ethical ideal should match others' ethical ideals to avoid trouble.

Question 72

Which of the following is the final step of the three-step process for solving an ethical problem?

A) Analyze the consequences
B) Plan a solution
C) Make a decision
D) Analyze the actions

Question 73

_____ refers to a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision,but rather a "right" or "right" answer.

A) Less evil principle
B) Logical inference
C) Ethical dilemma
D) Defeasible reasoning

Question 74

The problem with virtue ethics is that:

A) it is based on consequentialism.
B) societies are formed according to the Golden Rule.
C) societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
D) it is based on the idea that the ends justify the means.

Question 75

Which of the following is true of ethical relativism?

A) The idea of relativism implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules.
B) The idea of relativism implies that the ends justify the means.
C) The problem with this approach is that individuals share similar standards in a community.
D) The problem with this approach is that everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Question 76

Which of the following is a problem with the universal ethics approach?

A) The problem with this approach is the reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good.
B) The problem with this approach is the idea that the ends justify the means.
C) The problem with this approach is that individuals share similar standards in a community.
D) The problem with this approach is that everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Question 77

Susan and Jessica are arguing over the importance of Arthur Dobrin's eight questions to be considered when resolving an ethical dilemma.Susan is of the view that these questions are apt and relevant.Jessica does not agree with Susan's view.Which of the following would weaken Susan's argument?

A) Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that feelings are not taken into consideration.
B) Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the fact that alternative resolutions for one to select from are always present.
C) Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the fact that there is not enough information available for one to answer the questions.
D) Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that there is sufficient time for the degree of contemplation that such questions require.

Question 78

The problem with a utilitarian approach to ethics is:

A) the differing attitudes of various societies to the Golden Rule.
B) the idea that the ends justify the means.
C) that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
D) that not everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Question 79

The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to:

A) analyze the consequences.
B) make a plan.
C) make a decision.
D) analyze the actions.

Question 80

_____ refers to a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal.

A) Universal ethics
B) The Golden rule
C) Utilitarianism
D) Virtue ethics