Deck 11: City Spaces: Urban Structure

Question 1

________ occurs when tax revenues are not able to keep up with increasing costs of urban infrastructure and city services.

A) A fiscal squeeze
B) Redlining

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Chateau Regalia,Sydney Coast,Thames Town,Napa Valley and Yosemite are neighbourhoods in the sprawling suburbs of ________ biggest cities.

A) China's
B) Canada's

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Internal,external and outermost edge cities,traditional downtown and newer business centers,and specialized subcenters are

A) nodes within the polycentric metropolis.
B) slums within unintended metropolises.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A city's infrastructure would include its

A) water and road systems.
B) system of government.

Question 5

It is estimated that 30-50% of the employed workforce in peripheral cities are actually

A) underemployed.
B) unemployed.

Question 6

Urban enclaves,ghettos and colonies suggest

A) segregation.
B) congregation.

Question 7

The low skylines,lively downtowns and neighbourhood stability of major European cities can all be linked to the fact that they

A) are old cities.
B) had to be rebuilt after World War II.

Question 8

Increasingly,city authorities in the periphery are viewing informal housing (e.g.,squatter settlements)with

A) tolerance and as rational responses to poverty.
B) animosity and are eradicating them.

Question 9

Covered markets,a fortress,narrow & twisting streets,a city wall and a central mosque are features of a classic

A) Islamic city.
B) peripheral city.

Question 10

As presented by Jean Gottman,the megalopolis stretches from

A) Boston to Washington, DC.
B) Connecticut to New Jersey.

Question 11

As fiscal problems have intensified,public spending on ________ infrastructure has declined.

A) urban
B) rural

Question 12

Gentrification can be part of the process of

A) invasion and succession.
B) urban sprawl.

Question 13

Discrimination combined with ________ results in segregation.

A) congregation
B) gentrification

Question 14

The benefits of urban sprawl accrue to

A) the individual.
B) society.

Question 15

The most dominant feature of the Islamic city is its

A) principal mosque (Jami).
B) citadel (Kasbah).

Question 16

Many European cities have street plans that date as far back as

A) Roman times.
B) the ancient Greeks.

Question 17

A political ideology dominated by low taxation and small government has been an obstacle to improving infrastructure in North American

A) central cities.
B) suburbs.

Question 18

The cost of accessibility is reflected in urban land use patterns.Thus,most ________ are found far from the CBD.

A) homes and residences
B) big retailers and factories

Question 19

Exploring the internal organization of cities,understanding urban spatial patterns and how and why they emerge,is what it means to examine

A) urban structure.
B) urban systems.

Question 20

Which of the following - according to International Labour Office estimates - is growing 10 times faster than the other?

A) informal-sector employment
B) formal-sector employment

Question 21

________ groups are population subgroups that are seen,or that see themselves,as somehow different from the general population.

A) Affirmative action
B) Minority

Question 22

The Beaux Arts style of architecture was

A) used in the urban redevelopment and planning of Paris in the 19th century.
B) the name given by European orientalists for the architecture of the Islamic city.
C) the unique style of construction used in New Orleans to withstand flooding.
D) what has made Quebec City a UNESCO World Heritage site.
E) a replication of classical Greek and Roman styles of architecture.

Question 23

The Modern movement of the early 20th century was based on the idea that cities should be designed and run like

A) machines.
B) biological organisms.
C) corporations.
D) ant colonies.
E) democracies.

Question 24

The invasion of older,centrally-located working-class neighbourhoods by higher-income professionals in search of character and convenience is called

A) gentrification.
B) congregation.
C) smart growth.
D) urban ecology.
E) the fiscal squeeze.

Question 25

When increased demand for urban services combines with a shrinking tax base (where businesses and affluent people move out to the suburbs and beyond),central cities around the country struggle with

A) the fiscal squeeze.
B) urban sprawl.
C) invasion and succession.
D) isotopic surfaces.
E) how to fill ecological niches.

Question 26

As accessibility and utility decline in a concentric zone model of the city,land use generally changes from

A) high-volume retailing to residential.
B) residential to warehousing.
C) factories to high-volume retailing.
D) warehousing to factories.
E) warehousing to low-volume retail.

Question 27

On maps like the Toronto TTC map,the region where most of the subway lines intersect is most probably the

A) CBD.
B) zone of transition.
C) suburbs.
D) exurbs.
E) edge cities.

Question 28

Though congregation can be voluntary,segregation is when congregation is combined with

A) discrimination.
B) counterurbanization.
C) immigration.
D) redlining.
E) the fiscal squeeze.

Question 29

The fiscal squeeze has made it extremely difficult for central cities to address a wide variety of urban problems,which include poverty,neighbourhood and infrastructure decay,and ________.

A) urban sprawl
B) overcrowding
C) crime
D) graffiti
E) asthma

Question 30

The classic case study of urban ecology and the example of concentric zones of dynamic neighbourhoods of different ethnicity and social status was

A) Chicago.
B) London.
C) New York.
D) Vancouver.
E) Detroit.

Question 31

It is clear that a critical assumption behind the concentric zone model of a city is that it has an isotropic surface,meaning that the model city

A) is flat, uniform and barrier free.
B) does not have motorized transportation.
C) only has streets that are parallel and perpendicular to each other.
D) has high buildings in the center which get lower with distance outward.
E) is located on a slope, like a mountain side.

Question 32

The urban land use model is sometimes referred to as the trade-off model because people make a trade-off between accessibility and

A) living space.
B) crime.
C) jobs.
D) leisure activities.
E) public transportation.

Question 33

The rippling process of change throughout a city,whereby displaced social or ethnic groups displace others in residential areas,is known as

A) invasion and succession.
B) congregation and segregation.
C) the cycle of poverty.
D) smart growth.
E) socio-spatial formation.

Question 34

Redlining is,most specifically,a form of

A) gender poverty.
B) housing discrimination.
C) gentrification.
D) ethnic succession.
E) fiscal squeezing.

Question 35

According to our text,Italian city centers are known for their

A) piazzas.
B) pizzas.

Question 36

European cities are more compact,have lower skylines,are more socioeconomically stable,and

A) have very poor air quality.
B) are always empty after 5:00 pm.
C) usually have central squares and marketplaces.
D) have lower population densities.
E) do not conform to any master plan or layout.

Question 37

By making loans unattainable to people in certain neighbourhoods,the practice of ________ compounds the difficulty in achieving inner city improvements.

A) microlending
B) gentrification
C) redlining
D) postmodernism
E) fiscal squeezing

Question 38

Until the last quarter of the 20th century,the direction of invasion and succession was

A) outward from the center.
B) along the various concentric zones or rings.
C) outward from the suburban districts.
D) inward from the CBD.
E) inward from the suburbs.

Question 39

European cities are different from North American cities largely because European cities

A) have long histories of numerous periods of urban development.
B) did not grow according to competitive land markets.
C) do not suffer from problems of infrastructure decay and poverty.
D) have almost no ethnic congregation and segregation.
E) European cities differ from North American cities according to all of the above.

Question 40

In the concentric zone model of cities,the zone of transition typically begins at the dynamic outer edge of a city's

A) central business district.
B) factory area.
C) warehouse district.
D) residential neighbourhoods.
E) suburban neighbourhoods.

Question 41

The zone in transition

A) contains apartment buildings, public housing, and old neighbourhoods.
B) is outside the area of gentrification.
C) is where railway terminals and the intersection of transportation networks are found.
D) typically contains edge cities.
E) is the centre of trade and commerce in a city.

Question 42

Chinese districts in the cities of the Greater Toronto Area are best considered

A) colonies.
B) enclaves.
C) ghettos.
D) neighbourhoods.
E) edge cities.

Question 43

Subs,kasbahs,jamis and medinas are typically found in

A) Islamic cities.
B) West European cities.
C) East European cities.
D) cities designed by Le Corbusier.
E) Postmodern cities.

Question 44

The central business district

A) contains the zone in transition.
B) is usually the headquarters for national government.
C) typically has the tallest buildings.
D) contains many factories but few shops or offices.
E) typically has the lowest skyline in the city.

Question 45

Proponents of urban growth and expansion support urban sprawl because it

A) enhances open and public spaces.
B) reduces reliance on the automobile.
C) discourages segregation.
D) is an efficient use of space and resources.
E) reflects freedom of markets and individual choice.

Question 46

Why do Western European cities typically have low skylines compared to Canadian cities?

A) The economy was not advanced enough to finance tall skyscrapers.
B) Soviet planners preferred thick and massive buildings over tall ones.
C) Much urban growth occurred before technology made skyscrapers possible.
D) Buildings were poorly constructed and did not last long.
E) European citizens protested the construction of skyscrapers.

Question 47

Which of the following was a D)ancillary industries major influence on the shaping of European cities?

A) Roman influence on town layout
B) careful planning
C) the presence of defensive walls
D) the value of land prices in the city
E) urban ideas brought from Central America

Question 48

The decentralized commercial and office districts that have emerged on the fringes of metropolitan areas near such features as freeway interchanges and airports have been called

A) edge cities.
B) 100-mile cities.
C) polycentric metropolises.
D) boomburbs.
E) megalopolis cities.

Question 49

The best example of where environmental responses and social and cultural values are integrated into urban form and design is found in the

A) Modern movement.
B) Islamic city.
C) North American city.
D) International style.
E) boomburbs.

Question 50

Environmental degradation in peripheral cities is largely the result of

A) inadequate infrastructure to handle sewage.
B) the accumulation of human wastes.
C) the dumping of industrial wastes.
D) industrial and automobile air emissions.
E) all of the above

Question 51

Globalization and the increasing financial gap between the rich and the poor has resulted in the segregation of urban spaces into

A) compartmentalized residential enclaves.
B) CBDs and edgeless cities.
C) suburbs and edge cities.
D) smart growth communities.
E) Modern and Postmodern neighbourhoods.

Question 52

The informal economies of peripheral cities

A) often benefit consumers in the core.
B) mainly involved illegal activities such as drug and gun smuggling, prostitution and gambling.
C) rarely involved children.
D) are insignificant compared to their formal economies.
E) have significantly declined over the last couple of decades.

Question 53

Shantytowns and squatter housing are growing in the unintended metropolises of the periphery due to

A) poverty and the lack of affordable housing.
B) the lack of engineers and developers with the skills to build homes.
C) environmental conditions that make permanent housing difficult to build.
D) misleading advertising.
E) unavailability of construction materials.

Question 54

The most compelling feature of the International Style of urban design and architecture was that it was quite

A) inexpensive.
B) artistic.
C) environmental.
D) energy efficient.
E) culturally sensitive.

Question 55

The tradition of urban design that has imposed more uniformity on the big cities of the world than any other is

A) the Beaux Arts style.
B) the Modern movement.
C) the International style.
D) the Global Village style.
E) McDonaldization.

Question 56

The area of maximum accessibility in an idealized city located on an isotropic surface is

A) the zone in transition.
B) an edge city.
C) the CBD.
D) the upper-scale suburbs.
E) an exurb.

Question 57

Smart growth attempts to address the problem of

A) urban/suburban sprawl.
B) gentrification.
C) cycle of poverty.
D) redlining.
E) segregation.

Question 58

The stark contrast of high-rise modern office buildings and luxury housing with the slums and shantytowns of unintended metropolises is visual evidence of their

A) dualism.
B) multiculturalism.
C) gentrification.
D) economic development.
E) isotropism.

Question 59

The cores of older European cities have complex street patterns because

A) the streets were the product of slow growth.
B) the patterns were developed before the introduction of automobiles and trucks.
C) they reflected ancient patterns of ownership and boundary formation.
D) urban development was piecemeal and small-scale.
E) of all of the above.

Question 60

According to our understanding of urban accessibility and land use,which of the following is located farthest from the city centre?

A) factories
B) warehouses
C) high-volume retail stores
D) residences
E) trade and commerce

Question 61

Redlining

A) targets the underclass.
B) is legal.
C) gives government-subsidized loans to low-income families.
D) helps break the cycle of poverty.
E) promotes geographic literacy.

Question 62

Slum removal and demolition

A) is most commonly tried in core countries.
B) usually results in the quick construction of another slum in another part of the city.
C) was banned by the South Korean government in the early 1980s.
D) could affect up to 1.5 billion people world-wide if it were applied to all slums.
E) is often undertaken with due process.

Question 63

The Beaux Arts style of urban design

A) flourished in the eighteenth century.
B) fell out of favor during the rule of Napoleon III.
C) synthesized earlier styles to fit the Industrial Age.
D) had its greatest influence in America.
E) emerged in London from the ideas of Baron Haussmann.

Question 64

Maintenance and repair on housing in poor,inner-city neighbourhoods is inadequate because

A) renters cannot afford to do it.
B) landlords have no incentive to do it.
C) government officials are often indifferent to the needs of such neighbourhoods because of their relative lack of political power.
D) public authorities face a fiscal squeeze.
E) of all of the above.

Question 65

According to the text,fiscal squeeze,infrastructural decay,poverty,and mortgage foreclosures are all problems faced by ________ cities.

A) European
B) Islamic
C) North American
D) Australian
E) Chinese

Question 66

________ is a characteristic of the cycle of poverty.

A) School absenteeism
B) Improper nutrition
C) Psychological stress from crowding
D) Unemployment
E) All of the above are found in the cycle of poverty.

Question 67

According to the World Bank,approximately what percentage of urban residents in peripheral cities have access to a satisfactory water source?

A) 95 percent
B) 65 percent
C) 35 percent
D) 15 percent
E) 0 percent

Question 68

It is least likely you would find an Islamic city in this region:

A) North Africa
B) southern Africa
C) the Middle East
D) Pakistan
E) Indonesia

Question 69

The typical African-American neighbourhood in an Canadian city can best be termed a(n)

A) ghetto.
B) enclave.
C) congregation.
D) colony.
E) CBD.

Question 70

The values that shape the layout and design of Islamic cities derive from

A) Greek culture.
B) Roman culture.
C) the Qur'an.
D) the various peoples conquered by Muslims in the eighth and ninth centuries.
E) Islamic fundamentalists.

Question 71

_________ was/were one characteristic of socialist government policy in the cities of Eastern Europe.

A) Large public housing projects in outlying districts
B) Industrial zones in city centres
C) Massive restructuring of city centres
D) Destruction of all buildings closely related to capitalist activities
E) Housing rebates

Question 72

Which of the following is the newest problem to be faced by the North American city?

A) municipal socialism
B) fiscal squeeze
C) infrastructural decay
D) mortgage foreclosures
E) poverty

Question 73

The dominant feature of a traditional Islamic city is

A) the sultan's palace.
B) the principal mosque, the Jami.
C) the main marketplace, the suq.
D) the Kasbah.
E) the cemetery.

Question 74

Urban change in core regions has been influenced the most by

A) higher levels of education.
B) Postmodern architectural styles.
C) the economic transformation to a postindustrial economy.
D) increased racial tensions.
E) higher levels of spending on urban renewal by national governments.

Question 75

The Modern movement

A) was inspired by the ideals of nineteenth-century Romanticism.
B) stressed an unadorned, functional type of architecture.
C) opposed high-rise buildings.
D) paved the way for the Beaux Arts style.
E) was based on the idea that buildings and cities should not be designed and run like machines.

Question 76

Deliberate urban design began as early as

A) the height of the Roman Empire.
B) the early medieval period.
C) the Renaissance.
D) the Baroque period.
E) the Industrial Revolution.

Question 77

The International style drew primarily from the ________ tradition of urban design.

A) Modern
B) Beaux Arts
C) City Beautiful
D) Postmodern
E) Greek

Question 78

In the larger cities of Britain,France,and Germany,roughly ________ % of all housing is public housing.

A) less than 1
B) 1-5
C) 5-20
D) 20-40
E) over 50

Question 79

In some instances squatter settlements in peripheral cities can be considered "slums of hope" because

A) governments sometimes provide help to squatters.
B) settlements provide affordable shelter for the poor.
C) settlements provide a supportive environment for newly arrived migrants.
D) settlements can offer informal employment opportunities that help people adjust to city life.
E) all of the above

Question 80

The cycle of poverty

A) is of little consequence in core countries.
B) results in the middle class dropping down into poverty.
C) transmits poverty from one generation to the next.
D) occurs primarily in rural areas of peripheral countries.
E) is found only in the periphery.