Deck 12: True Experiments, part 2: Factorial Designs

Question 1

Exhibit 12-1 Suppose a researcher investigated the judgments of guilt made by jurors in response to attractiveness (attractive vs unattractive)and facial expression (neutral vs smiling).
Refer to Exhibit 12-1.The dependent variable is

A) Attractiveness
B) Facial Expression
C) Guilty Verdict
D) The jurors

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Exhibit 12-2 The following information is used for the next 7 items
A researcher performs an experiment and gets the following results
Refer to Exhibit 12-2.In order to tell if there is a main effect of B,you need to consider the

A) row means
B) column means
C) cell means
D) printout of the statistics

Answer 2

A

Question 3

There is an interaction if

A) there is no main effect of either Variable A or Variable B
B) the effect of Variable A depends on whether there is a main effect of Variable B
C) there is a main effect of both Variable A and Variable B
D) the effect of Variable A depends on the level of B

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Exhibit 12-2 The following information is used for the next 7 items
A researcher performs an experiment and gets the following results
Refer to Exhibit 12-2.Is there a main effect of B?

A) yes
B) no
C) can't tell
D) It depends on which level of A you consider

Question 5

Factorial designs involve

A) factor analysis
B) all combinations of at least two levels of at least two independent variables
C) three or more independent variables
D) three or more dependent variables

Question 6

A major advantage of a two-factor analysis of variance over a one-factor analysis of variance is that

A) power is often increased
B) the denominator of the F-test is increased
C) interaction between factors can be identified
D) both a and c

Question 7

Exhibit 12-3 Suppose a researcher measured the test scores of college students who were taught chemistry in the presence of one type of music (country,rock,or classical)in one of three different colored classrooms (red,green,or blue).
Refer to Exhibit 12-3.If a factorial design were used,what are the two independent variables?

A) music and classroom color
B) music and grade level
C) test scores and music
D) classroom color and test scores

Question 8

Exhibit 12-2 The following information is used for the next 7 items
A researcher performs an experiment and gets the following results
Refer to Exhibit 12-2.This represents a ____ design

A) multiple condition
B) Latin square
C) posttest-pretest
D) factorial

Question 9

Exhibit 12-1 Suppose a researcher investigated the judgments of guilt made by jurors in response to attractiveness (attractive vs unattractive)and facial expression (neutral vs smiling).
Refer to Exhibit 12-1.The design can be described as a

A) 2 x 3
B) 3 x 3
C) 3 x 2
D) 2 x 2

Question 10

Exhibit 12-1 Suppose a researcher investigated the judgments of guilt made by jurors in response to attractiveness (attractive vs unattractive)and facial expression (neutral vs smiling).
Refer to Exhibit 12-1.Suppose your results indicated a main effect for attractiveness as your only significant finding.This would mean that

A) Attractiveness alone was responsible for juror guilt decisions
B) Facial expression alone was responsible for juror guilt decisions
C) Both attractiveness and facial expression was responsible for juror guilt decisions
D) Nothing; You can never believe main effects in a factorial experiment

Question 11

Exhibit 12-2 The following information is used for the next 7 items
A researcher performs an experiment and gets the following results
Refer to Exhibit 12-2.Is there a main effect of A?

A) yes
B) no
C) can't tell
D) It depends on which level of B you consider

Question 12

Exhibit 12-2 The following information is used for the next 7 items
A researcher performs an experiment and gets the following results
Refer to Exhibit 12-2.Is there an interaction?

A) yes
B) no
C) can't tell
D) It depends on whether you are talking about Variable A or Variable B

Question 13

Which one of the following is not a good reason to employ a factorial design? To

A) save time by investigating more than one variable
B) rule out more than one rival hypothesis
C) determine the correlation between two or more variables
D) investigate a possible interaction between two or more independent variables

Question 14

When two variables interact

A) the effect of one variable depends on the level of the other
B) the main effect cannot be interpreted without discussing the interaction
C) the effect of one variable does not depend on the level of the other
D) both a and b

Question 15

Exhibit 12-1 Suppose a researcher investigated the judgments of guilt made by jurors in response to attractiveness (attractive vs unattractive)and facial expression (neutral vs smiling).
Refer to Exhibit 12-1.If a two-factorial design were used,what are the two independent variables?

A) Guilty verdicts and attractiveness
B) Guilty verdicts and facial expression
C) Attractiveness and facial expression
D) Attractiveness and attitude

Question 16

Exhibit 12-2 The following information is used for the next 7 items
A researcher performs an experiment and gets the following results
Refer to Exhibit 12-2.In order to tell if there is an interaction,you need to consider the

A) row means
B) column means
C) cell means
D) printout of the statistics

Question 17

Factorial designs are used mainly to

A) control for statistical regression
B) collect data that can be entered into a factor analysis
C) test for the interaction of several variables in the same experiment
D) all of these

Question 18

In a study of preference for four different clothing styles,each participant is asked to evaluate all four styles in a reverse counterbalanced order.What type of design does this study represent?

A) one-variable within-subjects design
B) one-variable between subjects design
C) between-subjects factorial design
D) mixed factorial design

Question 19

Which one of the following statements is always true when an interaction exists between the variables in a factorial design?

A) the effect of one independent variable depends, to some extent, on which level of the second variable is considered
B) One independent variable has an effect regardless of the level of a second variable
C) there is as least one significant main effect
D) all of these

Question 20

Exhibit 12-2 The following information is used for the next 7 items
A researcher performs an experiment and gets the following results
Refer to Exhibit 12-2.In order to tell if there is a main effect of A,you need to consider the

A) row means
B) column means
C) cell means
D) printout of the statistics

Question 21

If babies play longer with green fuzzy toys than yellow fuzzy toys,green smooth toys,or yellow smooth toys,then

A) You have a main effect of fuzziness
B) You have a main effect of color
C) You have an interaction between color and fuzziness
D) Fuzziness is a confounding variable and the results can't be believed

Question 22

If a factorial design is conducted in which each subject experiences each condition at least once,then it is a

A) between subjects design
B) within subjects design
C) mixed design
D) all of these

Question 23

Is it possible to have an interaction when there are no main effects in a factorial design?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Can't tell
D) Only if the factorial design does not contain a quasi-experimental variable.

Question 24

A factorial design that has at least one within-subject variable and one between-group variable is called a(n):

A) Quasi-experimental design
B) Mixed design
C) Single subject design
D) Interrupted time series design

Question 25

How many conditions are in a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment?

A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12

Question 26

If neither Variable A nor Variable B has a main effect you can have

A) no interaction
B) a ceiling effect interaction
C) an antagonistic interaction
D) a synergistic interaction

Question 27

An interaction in which two independent variables tend to reverse each other's effects is referred to as a(n)

A) synergistic interaction
B) antagonistic interaction
C) ceiling effect interaction
D) both a and c

Question 28

If babies play longer with both blue and red fuzzy toys (as opposed to both blue and red smooth toys),then

A) You have a main effect of fuzziness
B) You have a main effect of color
C) You have an interaction between color and fuzziness
D) Fuzziness is a confounding variable and the results can't be believed

Question 29

Bower,Gilligan,and Monterio (1981)hypothesized that people would notice and remember events in stories that were consistent with their mood.Participants were put into either a happy or a sad mood.All participants then read two stories,one of which was happy and one of which was sad.What was the design of the experiment?

A) one variable within-subjects
B) one variable between-subjects
C) mixed factorial design
D) within-subjects factorial design

Question 30

Exhibit 12-3 Suppose a researcher measured the test scores of college students who were taught chemistry in the presence of one type of music (country,rock,or classical)in one of three different colored classrooms (red,green,or blue).
Refer to Exhibit 12-3.The dependent variable is

A) chemistry test scores
B) classroom color
C) music
D) attitude toward school

Question 31

If one variable has a smaller effect when paired with higher levels of a second variable,you have a(n)

A) synergistic interaction
B) antagonistic interaction
C) ceiling effect interaction
D) main effect

Question 32

In a single experiment,amount of reward and type of reward are simultaneously varied.Subjects are randomly assigned to one of three amount-of-reward conditions.Each subject is tested once with one type of reward and once with a second type of reward.What type of design does this study represent?

A) one variable within-subjects
B) one variable between-subjects
C) mixed factorial
D) within-subjects factorial design

Question 33

With a synergistic interaction,

A) higher levels of one independent variable increases the effect of another independent variable
B) higher levels of one independent variable decrease another independent variable
C) there is a main effect of one independent variable but not the other
D) None of these are true. You can't interpret a synergistic interaction without knowing which independent variable you are talking about

Question 34

Barnes,Ickes,and Kidd (1979)studied whether or not students would lend their notes to a classmate by varying the intentionality of the needy student (unintentional vs attentional)and the stability of their request (always vs sometimes).Participants received one request from one needy student.What was the design of the experiment?

A) between-subjects factorial design
B) within-subjects factorial design
C) one variable within-subjects
D) one variable between-subjects

Question 35

Exhibit 12-3 Suppose a researcher measured the test scores of college students who were taught chemistry in the presence of one type of music (country,rock,or classical)in one of three different colored classrooms (red,green,or blue).
Refer to Exhibit 12-3.The design can be described as a

A) 3 x 3
B) 2 x 3
C) 3 x 2
D) 2 x 2

Question 36

Which one of the following is not a type of interaction?

A) main effect
B) ceiling effect
C) antagonistic
D) synergistic

Question 37

An advertiser is interested in the effects of color and size of containers on people's tendency to buy a certain brand of cereal.He prepares containers consisting of all combinations of color with size and asks each of a group of subjects which of the containers they would be most and least likely to buy.What type of design does this study represent?

A) one-variable within-subjects
B) between-subjects factorial
C) within-subjects factorial
D) mixed factorial

Question 38

The results of a 2 x 2 experiment will fit one of ____ possible patterns

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 39

The integration of taste (sweet vs salty)and smell (fish vs orange)was investigated in cats.Each cat received one taste-smell combination and was then given a preference test.The design of this experiment is:

A) Between subjects
B) Within subjects
C) Mixed
D) Quasi-experimental

Question 40

Factorial designs can be conducted

A) between subjects
B) within subjects
C) mixed
D) all of these

Question 41

What is the advantage of a factorial design over a single-factor design?

Question 42

How does the interpretation of the results of a factorial experiment differ when it only includes significant main effects as opposed to both significant main effects and significant interactions?

Question 43

An advertiser is interested in the effects of color and size of containers on people's tendency to buy a certain brand of cereal.He prepares containers consisting of all combinations of all 4 colors with all 3 sizes and asks each of a group of subjects to rate each of the containers for how likely they would be to buy it on a 1-9 Likert scale.
a.What is the dependent variable?
b.What type of design does this study represent? Be sure to give its full name.
c.How many conditions would be possible?
d.How many main effects would be possible?
e.Are interactions possible?

Question 44

In a certain study,black and white teachers from a large inner city school were asked to rate the same black and white students for "adaptive behavior" on a behavior rating scale.The two factors in the experiment,then,were teacher ethnicity and pupil ethnicity.On average,white teachers rated black pupils 32,and white pupils 50.On average,black teachers rated black pupils 47,and white pupils 30.Both null hypotheses for the main effects were tenable,but there was significant interaction between the teacher ethnicity and pupil ethnicity factors.Graph the means and discuss the nature of the interaction and your conclusions.What type of interaction is present?

Question 45

Graph the interaction of factor B,visual and audio presentation (via video)versus audio only presentation of course content,and Factor A,sex,from the following cell means on a standardized mid-term examination.Does there appear to be an interaction? Discuss your conclusions.