Deck 23: Nutrition, Cancer, and Hiv Infection

Question 1

Fat accumulation is a common side effect of drug treatments for HIV infection.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Research indicates that high-fat diets often correlate with cancer rates; thus, low-fat diets can reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The medication megestrol acetate can improve appetite and increase weight in HIV patients.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A cancer that arises from muscle or bone is referred to as a(n):

A)sarcoma.
B)adenoma.
C)carcinoma.
D)melanoma.

Question 5

Most cancer patients abandon conventional treatments and use alternative therapies in the place of conventional therapies.

Question 6

Herpes simplex is a fungal infection of the mouth and throat that often occurs in patients with HIV.

Question 7

Most often, cancer is caused by interactions between a person's genes and environmental agents.

Question 8

Untreated HIV infection can increase a person's susceptibility to opportunistic infections such as Kaposi's sarcoma.

Question 9

Inflammation of the mouth that is caused by exposure to radiation is called radiation enteritis.

Question 10

A durable power of attorney indicates one's preference for medical treatment in the event of incapacitation.

Question 11

Recurrent bacterial pneumonia is classified as an AIDS-defining illness.

Question 12

All of the following are involved in the development of cancer except:

A)mutations in the genes that control cell division.
B)chronic inflammation.
C)bacterial infection.
D)exposure to carcinogens.

Question 13

Nutrition-related factors may increase or decrease the risk of developing cancer.

Question 14

In the later stages of HIV, filtered and bottled water are always safer than tap water.

Question 15

Cancer cachexia affects almost all cancer patients.

Question 16

Patients have a right to refuse medical treatment-including nourishment and hydration-even if refusing the treatment could result in death.

Question 17

A combination of three antiretroviral drugs are administered to slow the progression of cancer.

Question 18

Laws regarding advance directives are standardized from state to state.

Question 19

Some people with cancer fail to regain lean body mass even when they are receiving adequate nutrients and energy.

Question 20

A copy of any advance directive should be part of a client's medical record.

Question 21

Factors that play a role in the wasting associated with cancer include all of the following except:

A)cytokines.
B)poor appetite.
C)diversion of nutrients to support tumor growth.
D)hormone levels.

Question 22

Fruits and vegetables have been shown to have a protective effect against all of the following types of cancers except:

A)lung.
B)prostate.
C)liver.
D)stomach.

Question 23

The drug dronabinol is sometimes used with cancer patients to:

A)increase lean body mass.
B)shrink tumors.
C)stimulate appetite.
D)combat diarrhea.

Question 24

Which of the following is a major contributor to wasting associated with cancer?

A)obstruction
B)anorexia
C)insulin resistance
D)stomatitis

Question 25

There appears to be a link between the consumption of _____ and a decreased risk of prostate cancer.

A)milk and dairy products
B)tomato products
C)citrus fruits
D)whole grains

Question 26

The foods most likely to decrease the risk of cancer are fruits and vegetables, for all of the following reasons except:

A)they contain phytochemicals.
B)many are rich in folate.
C)they contain nutrients that have antioxidant activity.
D)they are high in carbohydrate.

Question 27

To improve energy intake and compensate for weight loss during cancer treatment, clients should be encouraged to:

A)use fats liberally.
B)eat extra food immediately after treatment.
C)avoid butter and margarine.
D)eat more vegetables.

Question 28

Cancer cachexia is characterized by:

A)anorexia.
B)weight gain.
C)slowed metabolism.
D)increased appetite.

Question 29

Which of the following is usually coadministered with chemotherapy?

A)appetite stimulants
B)antivirals (for infection)
C)antiemetics (for nausea)
D)anabolic steroids (for wasting)

Question 30

Several population studies have linked well-cooked _____ to cancers of the colon, rectum, breast, and prostate.

A)allium vegetables
B)pasta
C)meats
D)potatoes

Question 31

A cancer patient complains that foods just don't taste right.An appropriate recommendation to help the patient handle this problems is:

A)Consume smaller meals, and eat slowly.
B)Cut foods into smaller pieces.
C)Brush your teeth or use mouthwash before you eat.
D)Ask your doctor about appetite-enhancing medications.

Question 32

The structure of methotrexate, a drug used to treat cancer, resembles that of:

A)vitamin C.
B)vitamin E.
C)folate.
D)pyridoxine.

Question 33

Nutrition-related factors that may increase the risk of developing cancer include all of the following except:

A)obesity.
B)red meat intake.
C)salt-preserved foods.
D)consumption of citrus fruits.

Question 34

Factors contributing to anorexia in the person with cancer include all of the following except:

A)early satiety.
B)mental stress.
C)fatigue.
D)oral infections.

Question 35

Current recommendations for reducing cancer risk include all of the following except:

A)Limit physical activity.
B)Control body weight.
C)Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.
D)Avoid moldy grains and legumes.

Question 36

Obese women have a higher risk of breast cancer than lean women because:

A)excess adipose tissue raises levels of estrogen in the body.
B)obese women eat high-fat diets.
C)lean women exercise more.
D)lean women have higher estrogen levels after menopause.

Question 37

All of the following problems frequently accompany cancer therapies except:

A)altered taste perception.
B)mouth sores.
C)chronic blood loss.
D)intestinal cramping.

Question 38

Weight gain often occurs in patients with cancer of the:

A)colon.
B)breast.
C)stomach.
D)pancreas.

Question 39

In order to increase caloric intake, an individual with cancer could substitute _____ for the milk normally used in recipes.

A)Lactaid milk
B)chicken broth
C)fat-free evaporated milk
D)half-and-half

Question 40

Which of the following has been associated with a high incidence of stomach cancer?

A)alcohol
B)fat
C)salt-preserved foods
D)sodium

Question 41

The standard treatment for suppressing HIV infection:

A)consists of a combination of at least 3 antiretroviral drugs.
B)usually involves surgical procedures.
C)has few adverse effects.
D)is easy for most patients to adhere to.

Question 42

Lipodystrophy can be treated using all of the following except:

A)resistance training.
B)aerobic activity.
C)medications.
D)a low-kcalorie diet.

Question 43

All of the following are characteristics of HIV-related lipodystrophy except:

A)abnormal lipid levels.
B)accumulation of body fat in the hips.
C)breast enlargement in both men and women.
D)insulin resistance.

Question 44

In HIV patients, thrush is associated with all of the following except:

A)altered taste sensation.
B)mouth pain.
C)lesions around the lips.
D)dysphagia.

Question 45

The progression of HIV can be evaluated by monitoring:

A)the viral load.
B)serum albumin levels.
C)weight.
D)body composition.

Question 46

Patients who have undergone a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation:

A)are at less foodborne illness risk than other cancer patients.
B)have not received chemotherapy or radiation.
C)are being treated for breast cancer.
D)usually require nutrition support.

Question 47

A type of cancer frequently associated with HIV infection is:

A)Kaposi's sarcoma.
B)thrush.
C)Kaposi's adenoma.
D)cryptosporidiosis.

Question 48

Ms.Arther enjoys pudding and is able to tolerate it pretty well.To increase her caloric intake, you suggest that she make her pudding with:

A)half-and-half.
B)whole milk.
C)2% milk.
D)powered milk.

Question 49

Which of the following drugs, when combined with resistance training, has positive effects on lean tissue mass in HIV patients?

A)megestrol acetate
B)dronabinol
C)testosterone
D)antiretroviral agents
Use the following case study to answer questions 39-44.
Hannah Arther is a 53-year-old marketing executive who was recently diagnosed with uterine cancer.She had a complete hysterectomy and is currently undergoing radiation therapy.She is experiencing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea as well as anorexia.

Question 50

The symptoms that Ms.Arther is experiencing are consistent with:

A)radiation enteritis.
B)tissue rejection.
C)steatorrhea.
D)lipodystrophy.

Question 51

HIV-related causes of anorexia and reduced food intake include all of the following except:

A)oral infections.
B)early satiety.
C)medications.
D)respiratory disorders.

Question 52

All of the following contribute to malnutrition in HIV infection except:

A)increased gastric acid secretion.
B)medication side-effects.
C)diarrhea.
D)malabsorption.

Question 53

Tube feeding or TPN may be indicated for any of the following patients except:

A)an individual who must undergo chemotherapy.
B)an individual who has long-term gastrointestinal impairment.
C)an individual who has permanent gastrointestinal impairment.
D)an individual who is experiencing complications that interfere with food intake.

Question 54

Ms.Arther complains that she is too tired to fix meals and eat.Appropriate recommendations for her include all of the following except:

A)Engage in physical activity regularly.
B)Let family members and friends prepare food for you.
C)Obtain foods that are easy to prepare and easy to eat.
D)Find time to rest before attempting to prepare a large meal.

Question 55

Because of the symptoms Ms.Arther is experiencing, she is at risk for all of the following except:

A)weight loss.
B)fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
C)negative nitrogen balance.
D)dysphagia.

Question 56

HIV-infected patients face an extremely high risk of malnutrition due to all of the following except:

A)intestinal malabsorption.
B)lipid abnormalities.
C)bacterial overgrowth.
D)vomiting and diarrhea.

Question 57

An example of a patient who may require long-term tube feeding is a patient:

A)with breast cancer.
B)with neck cancer.
C)with bone cancer.
D)with skin cancer.

Question 58

Kaposi's sarcoma can contribute to wasting in cancer patients due to:

A)malabsorption of nutrients.
B)a sore mouth that interferes with eating.
C)depletion of lean body mass.
D)respiratory disorders.

Question 59

The reason for the development of lipodystrophy in HIV treatment is:

A)malnutrition.
B)overeating.
C)hormone imbalances.
D)unknown.

Question 60

HIV-related causes of wasting include all of the following except:

A)anorexia.
B)chronic diarrhea.
C)altered metabolism.
D)lipodystrophy.

Question 61

A patient with HIV is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of dehydration.The patient complains of chronic diarrhea.The nurse notes a 15-pound weight loss over a 4-week period.The most likely explanation for the patient's condition is:

A)AIDS enteropathy.
B)thrush.
C)herpes simplex virus.
D)lipodystrophy.

Question 62

Disclosure refers to:

A)a patient's right to be fully informed of a treatment's benefits and risks in a fair and honest manner.
B)a comparison of the potential benefits and harm of any treatment.
C)a patient's right to life-sustaining treatments.
D)the ability to understand pertinent information and make appropriate decisions.

Question 63

Cancer patients exhibit an increased rate of protein turnover.The nurse understands that this means patients:

A)may have a difficult time maintaining a healthy body weight.
B)require less protein in their diets.
C)should increase their intake of fats.
D)may experience early satiety.

Question 64

In order to increase Ms.Arther's protein intake, you suggest that she use _____ freely.

A)fruit spreads
B)mayonnaise
C)cheese
D)butter

Question 65

A female cancer patient tells the nurse that she has begun taking St.John's wort in conjunction with her cancer therapy.The nurse should respond by saying:

A)"Be sure you take the dose as prescribed on the bottle."
B)"Be sure you are buying a brand-name supplement."
C)"St.John's wort may reduce the effectiveness of your cancer therapy."
D)"I've read that St.John's wort can cure cancer, too."

Question 66

A patient's right to make decisions concerning his or her own well-being is called:

A)patient autonomy.
B)informed consent.
C)beneficence.
D)distributive justice.

Question 67

The nurse is working with a client admitted to the hospital with complaints of loss of appetite and weight loss.An assessment of the client also reveals depletion of lean body mass and serum protein.The nurse accurately recognizes these as characteristics of:

A)tissue rejection.
B)human immunodeficiency virus.
C)thrush.
D)cancer cachexia.

Question 68

Which of the following nutrition interventions is most appropriate for a patient who complains that food doesn't taste right?

A)"Consume foods chilled or at room temperature."
B)"Let family members prepare food for you."
C)"Avoid foods with strong odors."
D)"Talk a walk before you eat."

Question 69

The primary focus of nutrition care for Ms.Arther is:

A)educating her on ways to prevent the recurrence of cancer.
B)ensuring appropriate intakes of calories and protein.
C)ensuring an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals.
D)preventing iron-deficiency anemia.

Question 70

To minimize the risk of food-borne bacterial infections in a cancer client who has received a hematopoietic stem cell transplant, the nurse would tell the client to:

A)cook all meats, poultry, and eggs until they are well done.
B)consume adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables.
C)increase consumption of dishes that use ground meats.
D)consume lactose-free, low-residue, low-fat liquids.

Question 71

The nurse understands that methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of cancer and that it can cause a patient to become deficient in:

A)essential fatty acids.
B)folate.
C)vitamin B₁₂.
D)calcium.

Question 72

Which of the following legal documents allows a competent adult to clearly express directions regarding medical treatment in the event that the person is unable to make the necessary decisions at that time?

A)living trust
B)power of attorney
C)living will
D)medical record

Question 73

Mrs.Dwyer is a 48-year-old patient who is undergoing radiation therapy for uterine cancer.She complains of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and has experienced significant weight loss.The nurse recognizes that the likely cause of this is:

A)tissue rejection.
B)radiation enteritis.
C)steatorrhea.
D)mental stress.

Question 74

Bobby is a 25-year-old client with HIV infection who is experiencing weight loss and a loss of lean body mass.He currently weighs 160 pounds.The nurse suggests that his diet include at least _____ grams of protein per day.

A)37
B)58
C)87
D)165

Question 75

An individual who does not wish to receive CPR if she has a heart attack in the hospital should request a:

A)DNR order.
B)living will.
C)power of attorney.
D)disclosure document.

Question 76

The nurse is teaching a class on cancer prevention.Someone in the audience asks if one's diet affects his or her risk of developing cancer.The nurse makes the following statements.Which one is incorrect?

A)"Citrus fruits may decrease the risk of esophageal cancer."
B)"Fruits and nonstarchy vegetables may reduce the risk of several types of cancer."
C)"Foods rich in folate seem to prevent pancreatic cancer."
D)"Dairy foods have been implicated in many types of cancer."

Question 77

Mrs.Watson is a 55-year-old female with a family history of breast cancer.To reduce Mrs.Watson's risk of breast cancer, the nurse advises her to:

A)avoid alcohol and maintain a healthy weight.
B)take a calcium supplement daily.
C)eat less red meat.
D)drink a glass of red wine with dinner.

Question 78

A durable power of attorney is used to:

A)state one's wishes about treatments one does or does not want at the end of life.
B)appoint a health care agent.
C)withhold CPR in the event of cardiopulmonary arrest.
D)allow a physician to write a DNR order.
Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice

Question 79

The nurse is working with a cancer client who needs to add kcalories and protein to his diet.The best advice the nurse could offer would be to suggest that he:

A)try new foods and experiment with herbs and spices.
B)eat nutrient-dense foods first.
C)use plenty of butter and margarine and add milk powder to casseroles.
D)save most liquids for after meals.

Question 80

For a patient with chronic radiation enteritis, the nurse recognizes that the best form of nutrition support is:

A)an oral liquid supplement.
B)enteral nutrition.
C)parenteral nutrition.
D)a pureed diet.