Deck 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology

Question 1

The assessment activities of clinical psychologists most commonly involve evaluating

A)the psychological functioning of an individual or a relationship.
B)the cognitive functioning of an individual.
C)the negative or antisocial inclinations of an individual.
D)the psychological functioning of youth both at school and in the community.

Answer 1

the psychological functioning of an individual or a relationship.

Question 2

When consultation is focused upon developing prevention or intervention programs,evaluating how well services are provided,or supplying an opinion on health care service policies set by an institution or unit,it is referred to as

A)determining competency of care.
B)clinical consultation.
C)establishing evidence-based services.
D)organizational consultation.

Answer 2

organizational consultation.

Question 3

Reducing the recurrence of a disease or disorder that has already developed and been diagnosed is known as:

A)elementary prevention.
B)Primary prevention.
C)secondary prevention.
D)tertiary prevention.

Answer 3

secondary prevention.

Question 4

Survey data from Norcross and Karpiak 2012)and Hunsley,Ronson and Cohen 2013)indicate that

A)most clinical psychologists offer psychotherapy,and devote over 80% of their professional time to this activity.
B)the majority of clinical psychologists offer psychotherapy,and devote over 40% of their professional time to this activity.
C)approximately half of clinical psychologists do not offer psychotherapy,instead electing to focus upon research,teaching,and/or consultation.
D)the majority of clinical psychologists who do offer psychotherapy are only able to devote approximately 20% of their time to this activity.

Question 5

Which type of prevention involves efforts to reduce overall disability resulting from a mental disorder?

A)Elementary
B)Primary
C)Secondary
D)Tertiary

Question 6

Surveys of clinical psychologists and graduate students in clinical psychology indicate that ___________ treatment is currently the most popular treatment technique with clinical psychologists in North America.

A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive-behavioural
C)experiential
D)interpersonal

Question 7

Surveys of clinical psychologists in Canada by Hunsley,Ronson and Cohen 2013)and in the USA by Norcross and Karpiak 2012)revealed that:

A)the majority of psychologists specialize in one major professional activity.
B)almost half of them report devoting time to research,but it is a small proportion of their professional time.
C)the majority of clinical psychologists spend at least part of their work week teaching.
D)clinical supervision is undervalued by clinical psychologists.

Question 8

Clinical consultation refers to providing information,advice,and recommendations to

A)other professionals.
B)directly to other psychologists' clients.
C)organizations.
D)community agencies.

Question 9

Providing information,advice,and recommendations to another psychologist or other healthcare professional about how best to assess,understand,or treat a client is referred to as

A)informed consent.
B)clinical consultation.
C)competency of care.
D)a clinical assessment package.

Question 10

Prevention efforts by psychologists are usually based in

A)hospitals.
B)private clinical practices.
C)community settings.
D)forensic settings.

Question 11

Hunsley,Ronson & Cohen's 2013)survey of Canadian psychologists revealed that the largest percentage of professional time was spent on:

A)assessment activities.
B)research.
C)training.
D)intervention.

Question 12

The primary goal shared by all assessments conducted by clinical psychologists is in

A)establishing whether behaviour or symptoms meet criteria for a disorder.
B)ascertaining eligibility for a particular service.
C)determining suitability for a particular form of psychotherapy.
D)understanding a person's current level of psychosocial functioning.

Question 13

The majority of people who receive psychotherapy

A)attend for fewer than 10 sessions.
B)attend for approximately 10 to 20 sessions.
C)attend for approximately 20 sessions or more.
D)attend for several years.

Question 14

Canadian clinical psychologists most frequently provide

A)individual therapy.
B)marital/couples therapy.
C)therapy to children and adolescents.
D)group therapy.

Question 15

_______ prevention involves reducing overall disability from a mental disorder,_______ involves prevention of disorder before it starts,whereas _______ is designed to reduce the recurrence of a disorder that has already emerged.

A)primary; secondary; tertiary
B)tertiary; secondary; primary
C)secondary; tertiary; primary
D)tertiary; primary; secondary

Question 16

The prevention of a disease or disorder before it actually occurs is known as:

A)elementary prevention.
B)primary prevention.
C)secondary prevention.
D)tertiary preventions.

Question 17

Survey data from Ontario indicate that,of individuals who seek health care services for mental health reasons,

A)10% are seen by psychologists.
B)25% are seen by psychologists.
C)half are seen by psychologists.
D)over 75% are seen by psychologists.

Question 18

Arguments against psychologists' having prescription privileges state that:

A)extending psychologists' training to include psychopharmacology would most likely come at the expense of the quality of training in psychological issues.
B)full medical training would be necessary to understand the impact of psychoactive medication on other physical systems.
C)the population would be better served by increasing the numbers of available psychiatrists,rather than extending prescription privileges to psychologists,.
D)although increasing the number of practitioners who can prescribe could decrease healthcare costs,doctoral training in psychology would become too lengthy.

Question 19

Prevention activities are typically designed to

A)reduce risk factors.
B)enhance protective factors.
C)neither of the above.
D)both A and B.

Question 20

Arguments in favour of psychologists having prescription privileges include:

A)Underserved segments of the population such as those in rural areas and the elderly could benefit from extension of prescription privileges to psychologists.
B)Most psychoactive medications are prescribed by general practitioners whose training in mental health is limited to a few weeks.
C)Given brain-behaviour links,a biological approach to the treatment of psychological disorders is not incompatible with psychological training.
D)All of the above.

Question 21

According to the textbook,what is the most important tenet of professional and research ethical codes?

A)Random assignment.
B)Informed consent.
C)Using empirically validated techniques.
D)Both B and C.

Question 22

The clinical internship completed by graduate students is completed

A)after receiving their Ph.D.and prior to licensure.
B)after completing all coursework,but before receiving their Ph.D.
C)on a part-time basis as the student completes coursework.
D)whatever is most appropriate in the student's area of specialization.

Question 23

The Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is intended to provide guidance for psychologists

A)engaged in the delivery of psychological services.
B)engaged in research and teaching.
C)who are licensed.
D)in all their professional activities.

Question 24

A meta-analysis by Lee,Lim,Yang,and Lee 2011)of studies of psychologists' work-lives found that those who:

A)were less committed to their professional roles worked shorter hours.
B)received constructive criticism felt greater sense of accomplishment.
C)believed they worked harder than their clients did felt more satisfaction.
D)were traumatized by the stories they heard from clients became suicidal.

Question 25

Needs assessment are conducted to determine the

A)extent of unmet health care needs in a population.
B)extent of unmet health care needs in a person.
C)efficiency of an organization who provides health care services.
D)efficiency of specific health care providers.

Question 26

A needs assessment functions to

A)determine the extent of training required for new employee psychologists.
B)determine the extent of an unmet health care need in an identified population.
C)determine whether programs have successfully achieved their goals.
D)to assess the extent to which the program was carried out as intended.

Question 27

The number of clinical psychologists working in private practice has ________ in the past few decades.

A)decreased considerably
B)remained constant
C)increased considerably
D)moderately increased

Question 28

One of the main challenges clinical psychologists face in learning from experience is

A)due to the wide variety of treatment philosophies.
B)related to the basic assumptions of any given theoretical framework.
C)the inaccuracy of the feedback received from clients about their decision.
D)the lack of feedback about the accuracy of their decisions.

Question 29

The current concept of informed consent applies to

A)only those who cannot provide consent independently.
B)any individual participating in research or obtaining healthcare services.
C)individuals specifically participating in research.
D)individuals receiving care in hospital settings.

Question 30

When no research evidence is available to guide action,it is recommended that clinical psychologists should

A)maintain a scientific frame of mind when making treatment decisions.
B)rely on clinical judgement and experience when making treatment decisions.
C)withhold treatment and allow psychiatrists to make decisions regarding the case.
D)do whatever the client prefers.

Question 31

CPA's ethical codes require clinical psychologists to continue to attend to practice-relevant research ____________ their professional career.

A)for the first 5 years of
B)for a good portion of
C)for all of
D)None of the above; there are no specific guidelines

Question 32

In most Canadian clinical psychology programs graduate students obtain

A)between 500 and 1,000 hours of practicum training.
B)between 1,000 and 2,000 hours of practicum training.
C)Between 2,000 and 3,000 hours of practicum training.
D)between 3,000 and 4,000 hours of practicum training.

Question 33

Hunsley et al.2013)found that in addition to the nearly 28% of Canadian clinical psychologists who work exclusively in a private practice setting,another ____ listed private practice as a secondary work setting.

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)65%

Question 34

According to a survey conducted by Sherman and Thelen 1998)of practicing psychologists and their levels of life stress,the more life events experienced,

A)the less impairment in professional roles they reported.
B)the more impairment in professional roles they reported.
C)the more prepared they felt for coping with future stressful events.
D)the less prepared they felt for coping with future stressful events.

Question 35

Numerous studies have shown that,when given identical information,

A)experienced clinicians make more accurate decisions than do clinicians-in-training.
B)clinicians-in-training make more accurate decisions than do experienced clinicians.
C)experienced clinicians and clinicians-in-training are equally accurate.
D)A or B depending on the presenting problem.

Question 36

Which of the following are the four ethical principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists?

A)Responsibility to society,responsible caring,integrity in relationships,and respect for dignity of persons.
B)Respect for confidentiality,responsible caring,integrity in relationships,and dignity of persons.
C)Responsible relationships,respect for confidentiality,respect for dignity of persons,and responsible caring.
D)Respect for dignity of persons,respect for confidentiality,integrity in research,and responsible caring.

Question 37

According to Sinclair 1993),modern interest in developing ethical codes for research and professional services can be traced to

A)the Nuremburg war crime trials that occurred after the Second World War.
B)psychologists' involvement in the First World War.
C)America's involvement in the Vietnam War.
D)lobbying by animal rights groups in the 1960s.

Question 38

The first clinical experience in which doctoral students in clinical psychology work with patients/clients under the supervision of a licensed psychologist is called an)

A)practical evaluation.
B)internship.
C)shadowing and observation.
D)practicum.

Question 39

Ethical codes of conduct require that clinical psychologists

A)maintain knowledge of research relevant to their activities.
B)in private practice are exempt from maintaining knowledge of relevant research.
C)are not obliged to maintain their research knowledge if they work exclusively in clinical services.
D)in academic settings maintain responsibility for research knowledge and dissemination.

Question 40

Which of the following is a component of a program evaluation?

A)Examining if an agency's policy is congruent with its mission.
B)Examining the scope of unmet health care needs in a population.
C)Examining the extent to which the program objectives are met.
D)Examining the personality characteristics of program participants.

Question 41

Research on psychologists' coping has shown that:

A)their training inoculates them and reduces their reactivity to stressful life events.
B)scheduling breaks helps them deal with stress.
C)they over-estimate their own capacity to cope.
D)they need to be more self-reliant as they have are unable to seek services themselves.

Question 42

Which clinical training model emphasizes clinical skills and competencies as a research consumer rather than as a research producer)?

A)The clinical scientist model.
B)The scientist-practitioner model.
C)The practitioner-scholar model.
D)The scholar-scientist model.

Question 43

The Canadian Code of Ethics functions primarily as an)

A)absolute standards model.
B)prescriptive standards model.
C)decision-making model.
D)All of the above.

Question 44

The primary benefit of attending an accredited program as opposed to a unaccredited program)in clinical psychology is that:

A)students can choose between a Psy.D and a PhD.depending on their long-term career aspirations.
B)licensure is guaranteed after graduation.
C)the program has met the standards set out by the Canadian Psychological Association for training in professional psychology.
D)funding is guaranteed.

Question 45

In most European countries,to become a clinical psychologist,licensure requirements stipulate that the candidate

A)must have received at least a Master's Degree.
B)must have received a Ph.D.
C)must have received a Ph.D.and have completed at least two years of post-doctoral experience.
D)must have practiced for at least 5 years after receiving the graduate degree.

Question 46

What is one of the main purposes behind a regulatory body that oversees licensing among healthcare professionals?

A)to ensure that healthcare professionals have a resource to turn to.
B)to ensure that the public is protected when receiving health care services.
C)to provide opportunities for healthcare professionals to network with colleagues.
D)to maintain the standards of undergraduate psychology programs,which will be supplying applicants to accredited graduate programs.

Question 47

One of the major challenges currently facing clinical psychology training programs is

A)ensuring that a sufficient number of students complete their program of study.
B)keeping stride with the rapidly expanding field of program evaluation.
C)keeping stride with rapid progress in the field of clinical neuroscience.
D)preparing students to provide services for an increasingly diverse population.

Question 48

Which of the four ethical principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is given the most weight?

A)Responsibility to society.
B)Respect for the dignity of persons.
C)Responsible caring.
D)Integrity in relationships.

Question 49

The Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology:

A)is designed to identify candidates suitable for graduate training in psychology.
B)is a Canadian exam that is used by accredited programs.
C)is used in North America by licensing bodies in psychology.
D)focuses mainly on assessment,intervention & consultation.

Question 50

The Mutual Recognition Agreement:

A)was signed by the APA and CPA to recognize the equivalence of the accreditation processes in the USA and Canada.
B)identifies core competencies required for professional practice in psychology in Canadian provinces and the North West Territories.
C)will be signed in 2017 to require that all professional training occur within accredited as opposed to unaccredited)programs.
D)allows licensed psychologists to use the title 'Dr'.

Question 51

To become licensed as a clinical psychologist in Canada,you need a

A)graduate degree in psychology.
B)graduate degree in an accredited clinical psychology training program.
C)graduate degree in the social science field.
D)graduate degree in any field related to health or mental health.

Question 52

Research on the psychological consequences of working with clients who have experienced trauma indicates:

A)that emotional responses are more common in those who are less familiar with this type of work.
B)that prolonged exposure to clients' traumatic experiences results in the psychologist's sensitization.
C)that it leads to an erosion of optimism and belief in a just world.
D)that effects are so variable no robust conclusions can be drawn.

Question 53

In Canada,the Psy.D.program is offered

A)in the majority of universities.
B)in provinces that do not require a Ph.D.for licensure.
C)in free-standing private professional schools.
D)in a small number of universities.

Question 54

What is one feature of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists that sets it apart from other codes of ethics for psychologists?

A)It provides an absolute model for contending with ethical issues,rather than relying on a decision-making model which may not cover all possible scenarios.
B)It weights all of the four ethical principles equally,in order to include all relevant perspectives.
C)An explicit model of ethical decision-making is embedded within the Code,rather than relying upon an absolute standard.
D)It is more user-friendly for psychologists than for non-psychologists.

Question 55

The purpose of a Ph.D.or Psy.D.program having accreditation is to ensure that the training program

A)maintains its enrolment to produce enough clinical psychologists to meet the population's needs.
B)maintains standards that meet the profession's expectations for the education of clinical psychologists.
C)maintains high standards for acceptance of students.
D)does not overload students with needless courses and excessive clinical training.

Question 56

In Canada,with the exception of Quebec,before being able to practice autonomously,the candidate for licensure must be supervised by a licensed psychologist for

A)roughly six months.
B)at least one year.
C)at least two years.
D)at least three years.