Deck 2: The History of the American Police

Question 1

An important figure in American law enforcement appointed in the 1930s as the Director of the Bureau of Investigation was known as

A) Ernesto Miranda.
B)J.Edgar Hoover.
C)Elliot Ness.
D)Darryl Gates.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The two most important law enforcement agencies that appeared before World War I were

A)organized local and state police.
B)the DEA and Homeland Security.
C)Pennsylvania State Constabulary and Texas Rangers.
D)the state police and Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

During the nineteenth century, a major issue for political reformers of police was

A)training.
B)organizational professionalism.
C)corruption.
D)salaries.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The failure of police reform is attributed to

A)reform by politicians.
B)police professionalization.
C)police corruption.
D)lack of citizen support.

Question 5

In the twentieth century, the two principal forces that underwent dramatic change were

A)academies and salaries.
B)training and equipment.
C)reduction in corruption and increase in professionalism.
D)police professionalism and communications technology.

Question 6

One of the most dramatic expressions of the new police subculture was the emergence of

A)police unions.
B)alienation of individual officers.
C)stress management programs.
D)sexual harassment legislation.

Question 7

Almost every other country in the world has a centralized, national police force.In American policing there is a tradition of

A)local control.
B)continuous reform.
C)racial profiling.
D)strategic planning.

Question 8

Communications technologies like the two-way radio and the telephone changed policing by

A)lowering crime and raising arrests.
B)changing the nature of police-citizen contacts and police management.
C)reducing response times and lowering insurance costs.
D)reducing fires and lowing juvenile delinquency.

Question 9

American policing is a product of

A)American expansion.
B)English heritage.
C)Medieval history.
D)European descendants.

Question 10

Although professionalization introduced a number of changes in policing, one of the forgotten entities remained the

A)police chief.
B)budgetary process.
C)rank and file officer.
D)John Q.Citizen.

Question 11

In the nineteenth century, the one major component that influenced every aspect of American policing was

A)politics.
B)incompetence.
C)minorities.
D)inefficiency.

Question 12

The policing strategy that police should develop partnerships with neighborhood residents, develop programs for specific problems, lower the decision making in the chain of command is known as

A)problem oriented policing.
B)team policing.
C)neighborhood oriented policing.
D)community policing.

Question 13

The early method of policing used to guard against fires, crime, and disorder throughout different parts of the day was known as the

A)constable.
B)fragmented system.
C)watch.
D)maintenance of order.

Question 14

The "father" of modern policing is known as

A)August Vollmer.
B)Darryl Gates.
C)Theodore Roosevelt.
D)Robert Peel.

Question 15

The "father" of American police professionalism is known as

A)August Vollmer.
B)Darryl Gates.
C)Theodore Roosevelt.
D)Robert Peel.

Question 16

In response to the rise of crime and violence against police officers in the late nineteenth century, the police were issued as standard equipment

A)TASERS.
B)vehicles.
C)firearms.
D)tactical training manuals.

Question 17

One of the more famous studies testing the effect of different levels of patrol on crime that challenged the traditional assumptions about policing was the

A)Research Revolution Study.
B)Crime Commission Study.
C)Kerner Commission Study.
D)Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment.

Question 18

During the political era of American policing, local politicians rewarded their friends with jobs on the police force.This practice was known as

A)political payback.
B)patronage.
C)job security.
D)nepotism.

Question 19

The romanticized public image of police officers in the nineteenth century is actually

A)inaccurate.
B)very true.
C)most likely unknown.
D)best described in novels.

Question 20

Which of the following statements characterizes the professionalization movement of police reform through the 1960s?

A)The reformers sought to define policing as a profession.
B)The reformers sought to eliminate the influence of politics on policing.
C)The reformers argued in favor of hiring qualified chief executives to head police departments.
D)all of these

Question 21

The most important new development in policing in the 1980s and 1990s was the advent of

A)computers.
B)cell phone technology.
C)an influx of minorities in policing.
D)community policing.

Question 22

The idea of local control of police agencies was contributed to American policing by our

A)German heritage.
B)English heritage.
C)French heritage.
D)Roman heritage.
E)Dutch heritage.

Question 23

The formation of police unions had a dramatic impact on police administrations in that

A)the unions could oversee the types of cases that were to be investigated.
B)police chiefs had to share their power and negotiate with unions over many management issues.
C)police unions could determine who was going to be the next Chief of Police.
D)police unions could start and stop the department's work whenever they chose.

Question 24

By the mid-1990s, female officers were assigned to routine patrol duty for the first time, and departments were eliminating barriers to the recruitment of women.The percentage of female officers in most big city departments today is

A)29 percent.
B)16 percent.
C)13 percent.
D)5 percent.

Question 25

The legislation allowing federal authorities to sue law enforcement agencies if a "pattern or practice" of abuse of citizen rights is called

A)Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
B)the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act.
C)the 1999 CALEA, Section 6.
D)Section 1983 of Federal Civil Rights Act.

Question 26

According to Marxist historians, in conflicts during the 19ᵗʰ century between strikers and businesses, the police

A)represented the interest of businesses.
B)represented the interest of the labor unions.
C)were very fair and neutral in their approach.
D)stayed out of political disputes and allowed the civil courts to handle the problems.

Question 27

As a result of Supreme Court decisions on police practices, minority community protests about police misconduct, and an increasing numbers of lawsuits, procedures have been instituted to control

A)discretion.
B)police unions.
C)use-of-force incidents.
D)police corruption.

Question 28

The practice of police making traffic stops of drivers solely on the basis of their race and not on the basis of any suspected criminal activity formally is referred to as

A)selective enforcement.
B)driving while black.
C)racial profiling.
D)illegal traffic enforcement.

Question 29

The requirement that police officers advise criminal suspects of their rights before interrogation was established by which Supreme Court case?

A)Mapp v.Ohio
B)Miranda v.Arizona
C)Terry v.Ohio
D)Gideon v.Wainwright

Question 30

Which of the following U.S.presidents was the police commissioner of New York City?

A)Theodore Roosevelt
B)Franklin Roosevelt
C)William Taft
D)Woodrow Wilson
E)Herbert Hoover

Question 31

The 1972 police research experiment that tested the effect of different levels of patrols and challenged the basic assumptions about the effect of patrolling on crime was known as the

A)Michigan Foot Patrol Study.
B)Wickersham Commission Experiment.
C)Community Policing Experiment.
D)Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment.

Question 32

Which of the following countries had the greatest impact on American policing?

A)Germany
B)France
C)Holland
D)Italy
E)England

Question 33

The study of criminal investigation that shattered traditional myths about detective work was known as the

A)Kerner Commission study.
B)Vollmer study.
C)RAND Corporation study.
D)CID Efficiency Measures study.

Question 34

On December 3, 1882, the New York City Police arrested 137 people for violating the

A)"Sunday Closing Law."
B)prohibition against drinking.
C)immigrations laws.
D)nudity laws.
E)"Civil Rights Act of 1866."

Question 35

The policies used to assert control over the police operations and officers were collected in SOP manuals and became the basic tool of police managers.The term SOP stands for

A)standard organizational policies.
B)standard overview of policies.
C)standard operating procedures.
D)standard organizational provisions.

Question 36

August Vollmer was noted for being the

A)first police chief of New York City.
B)"father of American police professionalism."
C)chief of police in Chicago.
D)attorney general of the United States
E)first director of the FBI.

Question 37

The police today are a product of their

A)biology.
B)race.
C)sex.
D)history.

Question 38

The purpose of the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) is to

A)improve the nature of the medical insurance ratings for law enforcement agencies.
B)establish and maintain a set of professional standards in police work.
C)improve the standardization for training for officers in agencies.
D)improve standards for officers throughout the nation.

Question 39

The greatest changes in policing came during

A)the police professional movement of the 1920s.
B)the last decade of the twentieth century.
C)the radical upheavals of the 1960s.
D)the 1850s in England.

Question 40

Which U.S.Supreme Court case, decided in 1961, established that evidence gathered in an illegal search and seizure could not be used against the defendant?

A)Mapp v.Ohio
B)Miranda v.Arizona
C)Terry v.Ohio
D)Gideon v.Wainwright

Question 41

The requirement that police officers advise criminal suspects of their rights before interrogation was established by the 1961 U.S.Supreme Court case of Mapp v.Ohio.

Question 42

In nineteenth-century America, police officers were selected entirely on the basis of their ability and education.

Question 43

One of the most dramatic expressions of the new police subculture was the emergence of police unions.

Question 44

The Federal Bureau of Investigation was originally known as

A)the Attorney General Investigative Unit.
B)the General Investigation Bureau.
C)the Bureau of Investigation.
D)the Federal Police Institute.

Question 45

The first police officers were generally friendly, knowledgeable about their neighborhood, and helpful.

Question 46

Pennsylvania is noted for

A)starting the first modern police department in America.
B)starting the first modern state police force.
C)starting the first crime lab.
D)all of these

Question 47

Which commission found that the police used the "third degree" to extract confessions from suspects?

A)the Kansas City Commission
B)the Knapp Commission
C)the Kerner Commission
D)the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement

Question 48

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment found that increased patrolling reduced crime and had a significant effect on public awareness about police presence.

Question 49

The Germans had the greatest influence in the development of American policing.

Question 50

The first America police departments wore bright red uniforms.

Question 51

The term "sheriff" was first coined in the American west.

Question 52

The "father of modern policing" is Robert Peel.

Question 53

According to your text, racial profiling involves allowing non African-American drivers to enter and exit major highways without being stopped by the police.

Question 54

Who started the International Association of Police Women in 1915?

A)Alice Stebbins Wells
B)Gale Sweeney
C)Jennifer Rossi
D)Nicole Waters
E)Michelle Bailey

Question 55

The first college graduates hired as police officers were hired in

A)Los Angeles in 1932.
B)Chicago in 1946.
C)New York in 1951.
D)Berkeley, California in approximately 1916.
E)Boston in 1956.

Question 56

The first mission of the new London Police of 1829 was criminal investigation.

Question 57

America believes in a strong federal police department to assist local police departments.

Question 58

Many historians argue that the police served the interest of business and were used to harass labor unions and break strikes.

Question 59

The use of the two-way radio by police became widespread in the

A)1920s.
B)1930s.
C)1940s.
D)1950s.
E)1960s.

Question 60

The first police women

A)did not perform regular patrol duty.
B)usually did not wear uniforms.
C)did not carry weapons.
D)all of these

Question 61

How did the inventions of new communications change policing?

Question 62

What did Teddy Roosevelt contribute to American policing?

Question 63

What did August Vollmer contribute to American policing?

Question 64

A 1998 report by Human Rights Watch concluded that race no longer plays a central role in police brutality in the United States.

Question 65

Write a short history of law enforcement in colonial America.

Question 66

Describe the working conditions for the first policewomen.

Question 67

What was the agenda of the police professionalization movement? What did they wish to accomplish?

Question 68

What was the Wickersham commission?

Question 69

What are the three enduring features that the English heritage contributed to American policing?

Question 70

How did corruption become so much a part of American police history?