Deck 2: Child Development

Question 1

Which of the following are "red flags" as possible indications of atypical motor development in an infant?

A) He is extremely floppy.
B) He is a very quiet baby.
C) He has oral feeding difficulties.
D) He demonstrates unilateral reaching.
E) All of the above

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which developmental theory enlightened us regarding the importance of early learning?

A) Maturational view
B) Behavioral view
C) Ecological view
D) Cognitive view
E) Genetic-oriented view

Answer 2

D
Explanation: The cognitive view and Piagetian principles are compatible with learning theories and are used throughout early childhood education (Case, 1992).

Question 3

Which developmental theory has had the most long-term impact on the practice of pediatric physical therapy?

A) Dynamic systems
B) Genetic-oriented view
C) Cognitive view
D) Neuromaturational view
E) Ecological view

Answer 3

D
Explanation: Pediatric physical therapy has been heavily influenced by the neuromaturational viewpoint, and many of our assessment tools and some interventions are based on a neuromaturational view. While a dynamic systems view may best reflect most current practice, a neuromaturational viewpoint was one of the first theories physical therapists followed and is still part of practice today.

Question 4

One of the constraints an infant has in being able to extend his head in prone is

A) excessive "tummy time."
B) visual orientation.
C) complete hip extension.
D) large weight of the head relative to the body.

Question 5

When working with a teenager having a developmental disability, which theory would probably guide your work today as a physical therapist?

A) Dynamic systems
B) Genetic-oriented view
C) Cognitive view
D) Maturational view

Question 6

Your best friend from college expresses concern that there is something wrong with her 4-month-old son. At this age, a typical 4-month-old can

A) roll over independently.
B) change from sitting to crawling independently.
C) drink from a cup.
D) pulls to standing at furniture.
E) rakes or scoops tiny objects using ulnar grasp.

Question 7

The bidirectional nature of the relationship and context of the interplay of the child and environment is addressed in which model or view of development?

A) Genetic oriented
B) Cognitive
C) Neuromaturational
D) Transactional

Question 8

The sequence of infant rolling over is

A) culturally dependent.
B) prone to supine since the start of the Back to Sleep Campaign.
C) supine to prone in all cultures.
D) dependent on the child's weight.

Question 9

Hand and knees creeping in infants

A) is never exhibited by a small number of infants.
B) is achieved between 5 and 13 months of age.
C) covers about two football fields a day.
D) All of the above

Question 10

What is the youngest age group that would be expected to be able to independently go up and down stairs alternating steps, catch a ball if prepared, jump 2 to 3 in., hop 8 to10 steps, throw a ball and hit a target, roller skate, and ride a bike?

A) 3- to 4-year-old preschool students
B) 5- to 6-year-old kindergarten students
C) 7-year-old first-grade students
D) 8-year-old second-grade students

Question 11

Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of the infant being

A) large for gestational age and having a cleft lip.
B) born postterm and having a clubfoot.
C) born early and having a low birth weight.
D) irritable and lethargic and having a large frontal lobe.

Question 12

Structural abnormalities of chromosomes may involve

A) trisomies.
B) numerical abnormalities.
C) deletions, translocations, and inversions.
D) monosomy.

Question 13

A "sensitive period" is a

A) period when there is the least neuroplasticity.
B) period of reduced responsivity.
C) time when normal development is most sensitive to abnormal environmental conditions and the brain is particularly responsive to experience.
D) sharply defined time when the impact of experience gradually declines.

Question 14

An infant demonstrates the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex has integrated by

A) turning his head to either side.
B) turning his head to one side and looking at the extended arm on that side.
C) turning his head and bringing his hand to the mouth on the same side.
D) turning his head to one side and bringing the opposite hand toward his mouth.

Question 15

Your best friend from high school expresses concern that there is something wrong with his 12-month-old son. At this age, a typical 12-month-old can

A) gesture.
B) change from sitting to creeping independently.
C) walk with hands held.
D) rise to stand through a half-kneel.
E) All of the above

Question 16

In autosomal dominant inheritance,

A) one parent provides the mutant gene and all offspring will inherit the disorder.
B) both parents carry the abnormal gene, and there is a 50% risk that their child will inherit the disorder.
C) both parents carry the abnormal gene, and there is a 25% risk that their child will inherit the disorder.
D) one parent provides the mutant gene, and there is a 50% risk their offspring will inherit the disorder.

Question 17

Fetal limb movements

A) change the most during the second trimester.
B) follow a proximal to distal sequence.
C) increase during the first trimester.
D) change little during gestation.

Question 18

The benefits of breast milk for an infant may include

A) nutritional and immunological benefits.
B) health, developmental, psychological, and social benefits.
C) reduced child abuse and neglect benefits.
D) All of the above

Question 19

By 24 months of age, a toddler should

A) have at least a 50-word vocabulary, use two-word combinations, and scribble using a palmar-supinate grasp.
B) have at least a 300-word vocabulary and scribble using a static tripod.
C) have a mature running pattern and use plurals in speech.
D) All of the above

Question 20

Your neighbors are concerned that there is something wrong with their 6-month-old son. At this age, a typical 6-month-old can

A) walk with hand-held assistance.
B) change from sitting to crawling independently.
C) sit independently, without external support.
D) change from sitting to standing without using arms.
E) demonstrate controlled release into a small container with wrist extended.

Question 21

The most serious disorders and usually death are seen in infants having chromosomal

A) trisomies.
B) monosomy.
C) gene deletions.
D) translocations.

Question 22

Play in young children might include

A) intrinsic motivation.
B) freedom to suspend reality.
C) performance for its own sake.
D) internal control.
E) All of the above

Question 23

Name three characteristics of immature movement patterns.

Question 24

When does successful goal-directed reaching typically first occur in infants?

A) 1 month of age
B) 4 months of age
C) 6 months of age
D) 8 months of age
Short Answer

Question 25

There is great variability in infant's prone progression of crawling and creeping.

Question 26

An infant has just begun to pull to stand through kneeling, still demonstrates plantar grasp in standing, and is independent in sitting including all protective reactions. This infant's chronological age is approximately

A) 5 months.
B) 7 months.
C) 9 months.
D) 12 months.

Question 27

Genomic imprinting indicates that conditions will vary depending on whether the trait is inherited from the mother or father. For example, if the child inherits deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15 from the father, the child will have Prader-Willi syndrome; if inherited from the mother, the child will have Angelman syndrome.

Question 28

The most serious effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the infant are seen when the mother drinks heavily in the

A) first trimester of the pregnancy.
B) second trimester of the pregnancy.
C) third trimester of the pregnancy.
D) time just before conception.

Question 29

A child typically uses two- to three-word phrases by

A) 8 months.
B) 12 months.
C) 2 years.
D) 3 years.
E) preschool.

Question 30

In children with disabilities, obesity can lead to

A) sleep apnea.
B) musculoskeletal pain.
C) higher metabolic rate.
D) cardiopulmonary insufficiency.
E) All of the above

Question 31

When an adolescent with a disability is delayed from going through the stages of psychosocial development, all of the following might occur except

A) problems with self-concept.
B) delayed establishment of identity.
C) increased independence.
D) influences on social behavior in adulthood.

Question 32

The only developed nation of the world that does not provide paid maternity leave is the United States.

Question 33

In children, heel strike

A) generally occurs at 18 months.
B) is aided by sturdy shoes.
C) does not develop until 3 years.
D) is seen when learning to walk.

Question 34

A full-term, typically developing neonate compared to a 12-month old will have the following range of motion:

A) Limitations in hip flexion and excessive plantar flexion.
B) Limitations in hip extension and excessive plantar flexion.
C) Limitations in plantar flexion and excessive hip flexion.
D) Limitations in hip extension and excessive dorisflexion.

Question 35

What are two things a potential mother can do preconception to improve her health as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?

Question 36

What factors have been shown to correlate with positive child development?

Question 37

Anticipatory postural control in sitting occurs once the infant is able to walk.

Question 38

During the first year of life, the infant progresses through a rapid transformation in postural control and locomotion and appreciable differences begin to be seen between boys and girls.

Question 39

All of the following primitive reflexes should be integrated by the age of 7 months except

A) asymmetrical tonic neck reflex.
B) mono.
C) rooting.
D) plantar grasp.
E) palmer grasp.

Question 40

Maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy might cause the infant to

A) die in the first year of life.
B) be born early and have a low birth weight.
C) have craniofacial abnormalities.
D) have a seizure disorder.

Question 41

Increased fitness, especially aerobic capacity, is associated with academic success.