Question 1

Which of the following are "red flags" as possible indications of atypical motor development in an infant?
A) He is extremely floppy.
B) He is a very quiet baby.
C) He has oral feeding difficulties.
D) He demonstrates unilateral reaching.
E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the above are "red flags" or possible indications of atypical motor development in an infant. Extremely floppiness may indicate low muscle tone, which can affect motor development. A very quiet baby may be aloof or inactive, which can hinder motor development. Oral feeding difficulties may indicate problems with the mouth, tongue, or throat muscles, which can impact feeding and overall oral motor development. Unilateral reaching means that the infant is only using one arm to reach for objects. Bilateral reaching (using both arms) is typical for infants and indicates good motor development.

Question 2

Which developmental theory enlightened us regarding the importance of early learning?
A) Maturational view
B) Behavioral view
C) Ecological view
D) Cognitive view
E) Genetic-oriented view

Accepted Answer

The cognitive view and Piagetian principles are compatible with learning theories and are used throughout early childhood education (Case, 1992).

Question 3

Which developmental theory has had the most long-term impact on the practice of pediatric physical therapy?
A) Dynamic systems
B) Genetic-oriented view
C) Cognitive view
D) Neuromaturational view
E) Ecological view

Accepted Answer

Pediatric physical therapy has been heavily influenced by the neuromaturational viewpoint, and many of our assessment tools and some interventions are based on a neuromaturational view. While a dynamic systems view may best reflect most current practice, a neuromaturational viewpoint was one of the first theories physical therapists followed and is still part of practice today.

Question 4

One of the constraints an infant has in being able to extend his head in prone is
A) excessive "tummy time."
B) visual orientation.
C) complete hip extension.
D) large weight of the head relative to the body.

Accepted Answer

Of the options provided, only large weight of the head relative to the body is the best answer. Excessive tummy time would not constrain head lifting nor would complete hip extension (incomplete hip extension would also limit head extension).

Question 5

When working with a teenager having a developmental disability, which theory would probably guide your work today as a physical therapist?
A) Dynamic systems
B) Genetic-oriented view
C) Cognitive view
D) Maturational view

Accepted Answer

The dynamic systems theory of motor development crosses the life span and has replaced the neuromaturational view as the theoretical framework for much of pediatric physical therapy. A behavioral view might also be used, which is why it is not listed as an option.

Question 6

Your best friend from college expresses concern that there is something wrong with her 4-month-old son. At this age, a typical 4-month-old can
A) roll over independently.
B) change from sitting to crawling independently.
C) drink from a cup.
D) pulls to standing at furniture.
E) rakes or scoops tiny objects using ulnar grasp.

Accepted Answer

Rolling over independently is a typical milestone for a 4-month-old infant, indicating that they have achieved some level of motor control and strength.

Option B is incorrect because transitioning from sitting to crawling typically occurs between 6-10 months old. Option C is incorrect as infants typically do not begin drinking from a cup until around 6 months old. Option D is unlikely at this age, as pulling up to stand typically occurs between 8-10 months old. Option E is also unlikely, as the ulnar grasp typically develops closer to 6 months of age.

Question 7

The bidirectional nature of the relationship and context of the interplay of the child and environment is addressed in which model or view of development?
A) Genetic oriented
B) Cognitive
C) Neuromaturational
D) Transactional

Accepted Answer

The bidirectional nature of the relationship of the child and environment has been addressed by Sameroff (2009) in his transactional model of development, which outlines the interplay of nature and nurture in explaining child development.

Question 8

The sequence of infant rolling over is
A) culturally dependent.
B) prone to supine since the start of the Back to Sleep Campaign.
C) supine to prone in all cultures.
D) dependent on the child's weight.

Accepted Answer

The sequence of infant rolling appears to be culturally dependent. In Western cultures, infants have been reported consistently to first roll prone to supine at about 3.6 months (Capute et al., 1985; Davis et al., 1998; Piper & Darrah, 1994). Chinese infants, however, first roll supine to prone (Nelson et al., 2004). Japanese and Chinese mothers do not use the prone position for sleep or play, and Asian infants usually learn to roll in any direction later than those reported in the United States (Nelson et al., 2004). With the success of the Back to Sleep Campaign, there are reports of the reverse order of learning to roll for infants in the United States, with rolling supine to prone likely to occur first (Liao, Zawacki, & Campbell, 2005).

Question 9

Hand and knees creeping in infants
A) is never exhibited by a small number of infants.
B) is achieved between 5 and 13 months of age.
C) covers about two football fields a day.
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

A WHO (2004) study noted that 4.3% of the infants never exhibited hands and knees creeping and there was a wide range for achieving this milestone between 5.2 and 13.5 months. Adolph (2003) also reported that infants who crawl or creep spend about 5 hrs per day on the floor and move 27 to 43 m per hr or 60 to 188 m per day, a total of about the length of two football fields!

Question 10

What is the youngest age group that would be expected to be able to independently go up and down stairs alternating steps, catch a ball if prepared, jump 2 to 3 in., hop 8 to10 steps, throw a ball and hit a target, roller skate, and ride a bike?
A) 3- to 4-year-old preschool students
B) 5- to 6-year-old kindergarten students
C) 7-year-old first-grade students
D) 8-year-old second-grade students

Accepted Answer

This development is consistent with a 5- to 6-year-old child. Review development milestones in Table 2.9.

Question 11

Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of the infant being
A) large for gestational age and having a cleft lip.
B) born postterm and having a clubfoot.
C) born early and having a low birth weight.
D) irritable and lethargic and having a large frontal lobe.

Accepted Answer

Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery, both of which can lead to developmental problems. There is also an increased risk of a stillborn infant, the infant dying in the first year of life, cleft lip, cleft palate, clubfoot, and heart defects (CDC, 2009a). Cigarette exposure has also been associated with smaller frontal lobe and cerebellar volumes in infants (Ekblad et al., 2010).

Question 12

Structural abnormalities of chromosomes may involve
A) trisomies.
B) numerical abnormalities.
C) deletions, translocations, and inversions.
D) monosomy.

Accepted Answer

Structural abnormalities involve the deletion, translocation, inversion, or other rearrangement of chromosomes. Trisomies and monosomy are numerical abnormalities.

Question 13

A "sensitive period" is a
A) period when there is the least neuroplasticity.
B) period of reduced responsivity.
C) time when normal development is most sensitive to abnormal environmental conditions and the brain is particularly responsive to experience.
D) sharply defined time when the impact of experience gradually declines.

Accepted Answer

A "sensitive period" is a time when normal development is most sensitive to abnormal environmental conditions (Bruer, 2001). During this time, the brain is particularly responsive to experience (Elman et al., 1997). It is a time of increased responsivity and neuroplasticity that is rarely brief and seldom sharply defined (Bruer, 2001).

Question 14

An infant demonstrates the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex has integrated by
A) turning his head to either side.
B) turning his head to one side and looking at the extended arm on that side.
C) turning his head and bringing his hand to the mouth on the same side.
D) turning his head to one side and bringing the opposite hand toward his mouth.

Accepted Answer

The infant should always be able to turn his head to either side. If his arm extends on the face side or if the opposite arm flexes toward the mouth, that suggests the ATNR is still present. If the infant can bring the face side arm to the mouth, then that indicates the ATNR has integrated. Review development milestones in Table 2.6.

Question 15

Your best friend from high school expresses concern that there is something wrong with his 12-month-old son. At this age, a typical 12-month-old can
A) gesture.
B) change from sitting to creeping independently.
C) walk with hands held.
D) rise to stand through a half-kneel.
E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

At 12 months, a typical child can gesture, change from sitting to creeping independently, walk with hands held, and rise to stand through a half-kneel. If the friend's son is not meeting these developmental milestones, there may be cause for concern and it would be recommended to seek advice from a pediatrician.

Question 16

In autosomal dominant inheritance,
A) one parent provides the mutant gene and all offspring will inherit the disorder.
B) both parents carry the abnormal gene, and there is a 50% risk that their child will inherit the disorder.
C) both parents carry the abnormal gene, and there is a 25% risk that their child will inherit the disorder.
D) one parent provides the mutant gene, and there is a 50% risk their offspring will inherit the disorder.

Accepted Answer

In autosomal dominant inheritance, one parent provides the mutant gene and there is a 50% risk of the offspring inheriting the disorder. The abnormal gene overcomes the normal gene inherited by the other parent.

Question 17

Fetal limb movements
A) change the most during the second trimester.
B) follow a proximal to distal sequence.
C) increase during the first trimester.
D) change little during gestation.

Accepted Answer

By 12 weeks, two-thirds of the fetus's arm movements are directed toward objects in the uterus (Sparling, van Tol, & Chescheir, 1999). There is an increased frequency of movement with increased gestational age during this first trimester. Distal to proximal development of the extremities is observed with an unexpected linear decrease in the hand-to-face or head movement (Sparling et al., 1999) in the third trimester.

Question 18

The benefits of breast milk for an infant may include
A) nutritional and immunological benefits.
B) health, developmental, psychological, and social benefits.
C) reduced child abuse and neglect benefits.
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

For infants, the advantages of breast milk "include health, nutritional, immunological, developmental, psychologic, social, economic, and environmental benefits" (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005, p. 496). Breastfeeding also may protect against maternally perpetrated child abuse and neglect (Strathearn et al., 2009).

Question 19

By 24 months of age, a toddler should
A) have at least a 50-word vocabulary, use two-word combinations, and scribble using a palmar-supinate grasp.
B) have at least a 300-word vocabulary and scribble using a static tripod.
C) have a mature running pattern and use plurals in speech.
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Although many 24-months olds should have a at least a 200-word vocabulary, many do not have a 300-word vocabulary and will not yet have a static tripod grasp, a mature running pattern, or use plurals in speech. Review Table 2.9.

Question 20

Your neighbors are concerned that there is something wrong with their 6-month-old son. At this age, a typical 6-month-old can
A) walk with hand-held assistance.
B) change from sitting to crawling independently.
C) sit independently, without external support.
D) change from sitting to standing without using arms.
E) demonstrate controlled release into a small container with wrist extended.

Accepted Answer

At 6 months old, a typical baby should be able to sit independently without external support. If the neighbors' son is unable to do so, it may be a cause for concern and they should seek medical advice. The other choices are not typical developmental milestones for a 6-month-old.

Quiz 2: Child Development

Which of the following are "red flags" as possible indications of atypical motor development in an infant?

Which developmental theory enlightened us regarding the importance of early learning?

Which developmental theory has had the most long-term impact on the practice of pediatric physical therapy?

One of the constraints an infant has in being able to extend his head in prone is

When working with a teenager having a developmental disability, which theory would probably guide your work today as a physical therapist?

Your best friend from college expresses concern that there is something wrong with her 4-month-old son. At this age, a typical 4-month-old can

The bidirectional nature of the relationship and context of the interplay of the child and environment is addressed in which model or view of development?

The sequence of infant rolling over is

Hand and knees creeping in infants

What is the youngest age group that would be expected to be able to independently go up and down stairs alternating steps, catch a ball if prepared, jump 2 to 3 in., hop 8 to10 steps, throw a ball and hit a target, roller skate, and ride a bike?

Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of the infant being

Structural abnormalities of chromosomes may involve

A "sensitive period" is a

An infant demonstrates the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex has integrated by

Your best friend from high school expresses concern that there is something wrong with his 12-month-old son. At this age, a typical 12-month-old can

In autosomal dominant inheritance,

Fetal limb movements

The benefits of breast milk for an infant may include

By 24 months of age, a toddler should

Your neighbors are concerned that there is something wrong with their 6-month-old son. At this age, a typical 6-month-old can