Question 1

You are doing an orthopedic evaluation on a 13-month-old child. The parents are concerned that the child isn't walking. Select the finding that is atypical in a 13-month-old child.

Accepted Answer

Children at this age have genu valgum.

Question 2

A full-term, typically developing neonate will have which following range of motion?

Accepted Answer

Babies are born with physiological flexion, which limits hip and elbow extension. Babies are also born with more than normal dorsiflexion range and less than normal plantar flexion. These situations occur due to the compression of the fetus in the uterus.

Question 3

It is common to see the most significant genu valgum posture (knock-kneed) in children around ______year(s) of age.

Accepted Answer

Knee posture starts in genu varum at birth, moves into genu valgum around age 4, and then moves into a more neutral alignment.

Question 4

It is typical for a 24-month old to have a hip flexion contracture of about 10 degrees.

Accepted Answer

In a study of 86 typical healthy infants, the hip flexion contracture diminished from a mean of 10 degrees (SD = 2.6 degrees) at 9 months to 9 degrees (SD = 4.8 degrees) at 12 months, 4 degrees (SD = 3.2 degrees) at 18 months, and 3 degrees (SD = 3.0 degrees) at 24 months (Phelps, Smith, & Hallum, 1985).

Question 5

The clavicle, mandible, and facial and cranial flat bones develop directly in vascularized mesenchyme through a process called

Accepted Answer

The clavicle, mandible, and facial and cranial flat bones develop directly in vascularized mesenchyme through a process called intramembranous ossification. Intramembranous ossification begins near the end of the second month of gestation. The remaining bones of the body develop through endochondral ossification, or the deposition of bone on a cartilaginous model.

Question 6

Cadence is

Accepted Answer

Cadence is the number of steps per min. Cadence is very high in 1-year-old walkers and decreases with age; the most rapid decrease is between 1 and 2 years. It continues to decrease over time into adulthood (Sutherland et al., 1988).

Question 7

Variability in joint angle or kinematic patterns during gait is most common in

Accepted Answer

Variability in joint angle or kinematic patterns is the highest in the youngest independent walkers and decreases rapidly with gait maturation (Ivanenko, Dominici,& Lacquaniti, 2007).

Question 8

When performing the hip prone extension test, you should

Accepted Answer

Stabilizing the pelvis is essential to ensure that the pelvis doesn't rotate and give you additional false range of motion.

Question 9

Measuring a child's thigh-foot angle gives you an indication of the amount of

Accepted Answer

Thigh-foot angle measures the difference between the thigh and foot axis. This is an indication of tibial version.

Question 10

Select the factor(s) that contributes to neonatal hip instability.

Accepted Answer

Neonates have a high neck shaft angle of inclination. This angle reduces over time, putting the head of the femur deeper and more securely in the acetabulum.

Question 11

Select the correct definition(s):

Accepted Answer

Version refers to the position of the head of femur relative to the acetabulum; torsion refers to a twisting of the long axis of the femur. Anteversion and retrotorsion both place the leg in external rotation. Retroversion and antetorsion place the leg in internal rotation.

Question 12

Reciprocal arm swing

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal arm swing is correlated with decreased base of support as it helps maintain balance and stability during walking. The other options are not necessarily true; reciprocal arm swing can be seen in individuals with various styles of walking and may not necessarily start at age 4 or be associated with hand high guard.

Question 13

The spine of a newborn infant is initially in a

Accepted Answer

The infant's spine is initially in a kyphotic position, but as the infant begins to hold his head up and prop on his forearms in prone position, cervical and lumbar lordosis begin to develop.

Question 14

Cartilage provides the initial prenatal structure for the development of bone.

Accepted Answer

Cartilage provides the initial prenatal structure for bone development. Cartilage is a gel-like substance with fine collagen fibrils distributed in the gel to add tensile strength.

Question 15

To estimate the amount of metatarsus adductus present, you should draw a line that bisects the child's metatarsals and then draw a second line that is perpendicular to this line and bisects the calcaneus.

Accepted Answer

To estimate metatarsus adductus, you draw a line that bisects the heel and then follows the long axis of the foot.

Question 16

A tape measure is a more accurate method to measure an actual leg length discrepancy than the block method.

Accepted Answer

Studies have compared tape measure measurements to x-rays to confirm its accuracy. A study of the block method showed that accuracy was very poor.

Question 17

After initial development, bone shape can be changed through a process called

Accepted Answer

After initial development, bone shape can be changed through a process called modeling, which includes bone formation and resorption.

Question 18

The kinematics of a child's gait are generally mature by which age?

Accepted Answer

The kinematics, or joint angles, of children mature and change over time. These changes generally mature by age 7 years (Sutherland et al., 1988).

Question 19

A flexible flat foot in a typically developing  3 $ 1 / 2 $ -year-old is a concerning finding and should be referred to an orthopedic physician for further evaluation.

Accepted Answer

Children typically do not develop a visible longitudinal arch until after age 4 years.

Quiz 5: Musculoskeletal System: Structure, Function, and Evaluation

You are doing an orthopedic evaluation on a 13-month-old child. The parents are concerned that the child isn't walking. Select the finding that is atypical in a 13-month-old child.

A full-term, typically developing neonate will have which following range of motion?

It is common to see the most significant genu valgum posture (knock-kneed) in children around ______year(s) of age.

It is typical for a 24-month old to have a hip flexion contracture of about 10 degrees.

The clavicle, mandible, and facial and cranial flat bones develop directly in vascularized mesenchyme through a process called

Cadence is

Variability in joint angle or kinematic patterns during gait is most common in

When performing the hip prone extension test, you should

Measuring a child's thigh-foot angle gives you an indication of the amount of

Select the factor(s) that contributes to neonatal hip instability.

Select the correct definition(s) :

Reciprocal arm swing

The spine of a newborn infant is initially in a

Cartilage provides the initial prenatal structure for the development of bone.

To estimate the amount of metatarsus adductus present, you should draw a line that bisects the child's metatarsals and then draw a second line that is perpendicular to this line and bisects the calcaneus.

A tape measure is a more accurate method to measure an actual leg length discrepancy than the block method.

After initial development, bone shape can be changed through a process called

The kinematics of a child's gait are generally mature by which age?

A flexible flat foot in a typically developing 3 $1 / 2$ -year-old is a concerning finding and should be referred to an orthopedic physician for further evaluation.

Quiz 5: Musculoskeletal System: Structure, Function, and Evaluation

You are doing an orthopedic evaluation on a 13-month-old child. The parents are concerned that the child isn't walking. Select the finding that is atypical in a 13-month-old child.

A full-term, typically developing neonate will have which following range of motion?

It is common to see the most significant genu valgum posture (knock-kneed) in children around ______year(s) of age.

It is typical for a 24-month old to have a hip flexion contracture of about 10 degrees.

The clavicle, mandible, and facial and cranial flat bones develop directly in vascularized mesenchyme through a process called

Cadence is

Variability in joint angle or kinematic patterns during gait is most common in

When performing the hip prone extension test, you should

Measuring a child's thigh-foot angle gives you an indication of the amount of

Select the factor(s) that contributes to neonatal hip instability.

Select the correct definition(s) :

Reciprocal arm swing

The spine of a newborn infant is initially in a

Cartilage provides the initial prenatal structure for the development of bone.

To estimate the amount of metatarsus adductus present, you should draw a line that bisects the child's metatarsals and then draw a second line that is perpendicular to this line and bisects the calcaneus.

A tape measure is a more accurate method to measure an actual leg length discrepancy than the block method.

After initial development, bone shape can be changed through a process called

The kinematics of a child's gait are generally mature by which age?

A flexible flat foot in a typically developing 3 1/2 1 / 2 1/2 -year-old is a concerning finding and should be referred to an orthopedic physician for further evaluation.

A flexible flat foot in a typically developing 3 $1 / 2$ -year-old is a concerning finding and should be referred to an orthopedic physician for further evaluation.