Deck 13: Globalization, Culture, and Indigenous Societies

Question 1

Ju/'hoansi or San men fought against guerrillas who opposed apartheid as members of the South African military.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Globalization refers to the rise of industrial states and the social, economic, political, and cultural consequences this industrialism has had on nonindustrial societies, among other things.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

One of the preconditions for modernization is the acceptance of the belief that progress is both necessary and beneficial to society and the individual.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Although the Iroquois traded beaver skins and other furs to the French, they refused to accept guns, ammunition, and liquor as payment.

Question 5

Globalization began in the middle of the last century.

Question 6

Native Americans in the U.S. currently have the same standard of living as average middle class Americans.

Question 7

A country will be classified as underdeveloped because of poor health care and high infant mortality even if the total value of goods and services produced by that country is as high as that of a developed country.

Question 8

Rates of alcoholism among the Ju/'hoansi or San have increased as a result of wage labor.

Question 9

As recently as 1934, Native Americans were not considered U.S. citizens but wards of the state.

Question 10

Japan is considered to be a Third World country.

Question 11

The Ju/'hoansi or San were protected from exploitation and assimilation by the South African government.

Question 12

"Ethnocide" refers to the physical extermination of a particular group of people.

Question 13

Mbuti Pygmies have adapted well to a lifestyle based on mining and farming.

Question 14

According to modernization theory, self-sustained growth requires the consistent reinvestment of savings and capital into modern technology.

Question 15

Poland and Hungary would be classified as First World countries.

Question 16

The Mbuti Pygmies are an example of an aboriginal people devastated by civil wars and corporate exploitation of the rainforest in which they live.

Question 17

Colin Turnbull examined two cases of African foragers who have faced decimation through forced cultural change. These were the Yanamamö and the San.

Question 18

Missionaries in Venezuela have helped preserve the Yanomamö culture.

Question 19

Immanuel Wallerstein, the chief proponent of world systems theory, agrees with dependency theorists that industrial nations prosper through the economic domination and exploitation of non-industrial peoples.

Question 20

Dependency theory was influenced by Marxism.

Question 21

The world systems theory of Immanuel Wallerstein classifies all countries within the categories of:

A) dominant, predominant, and submissive
B) dependent, codependent, and independent
C) core, peripheral, and semiperipheral
D) imperialistic, neoimperialistic, and colonial

Question 22

Modernization theory provides a model to explain how would cause social and cultural change.

A) traditionalism
B) dependency
C) the world system
D) industrial capitalism

Question 23

A principal criticism of world systems theory is that it tends to overemphasize the importance of:

A) economic factors
B) cultural traditions
C) political institutions
D) religious ideology

Question 24

One of the principal criticisms of modernization theory is that:

A) It holds Western industrial-capitalist society as superior to all others.
B) Its proponents advocate a "back-to-nature" approach.
C) It ignores the needs and rights of individual entrepreneurs.
D) It promotes traditional family values.

Question 25

One of the principal criticisms of dependency theory is that it:

A) overestimates the dependency of First World nations on Third World labor
B) neglects internal conditions of Third World countries that inhibit economic development
C) implies that the Third World has benefited from relations with the First World
D) supports the activities of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund

Question 26

Dependency theory identifies multinational corporations based in industrialized capitalist societies as:

A) advocates of increased economic and military aid
B) designers of global education programs stressing free market entrepreneurship
C) purveyors of a new imperialism, called neoimperialism
D) promoters of centralization of economic and political decision making

Question 27

The term "Second World" refers to:

A) modern industrial states
B) pre-modern agricultural states
C) industrial states with socialist economies
D) North, Central, and South America

Question 28

The deculturation of indigenous societies results in the loss of indigenous knowledge.
Multiple Choice Questions

Question 29

Bedouins, such as the Al-Murrah tribe of Saudi Arabia, are traditionally pacifists.

Question 30

Revitalization movements can take the form of violent military resistance.

Question 31

Yanomamö populations have been increasing steadily since 1987.

Question 32

The term "Second World" is used to refer to:

A) modern, industrialized nation-states
B) what used to be called the Soviet Union and other communist countries
C) undeveloped, nonindustrialized countries
D) traditional, pre-state societies affected by contact with the modern world

Question 33

The Yanomamö have become one of the wealthiest Native American tribes since gold was discovered on their traditional lands.

Question 34

In order for a society to modernize it must first:

A) stress individual achievement over traditional community reciprocity
B) build roads and public utilities
C) achieve universal literacy
D) reduce population growth

Question 35

Dependency theory states that global economic inequality results from:

A) exploitation of Third World countries by First World countries
B) the persistence of traditionalism in preindustrial societies
C) exclusion from international trade agreements
D) lack of education, which prevents modernization

Question 36

Before contact with the West, the islands of Hawaii had a population of about 600,000 people.

Question 37

Potatoes and corn are the result of horticultural experiments conducted by Native Americans in prehistoric times.

Question 38

Approximately one third of Native Americans in the U.S. live in urban areas.

Question 39

Modern Hawaii is home to a multiethnic society.

Question 40

According to modernization theorists, the primary impediments to economic development are:

A) foreign investment and exchange
B) poor nutrition and health care
C) cultural values and traditionalism
D) international relief agencies

Question 41

The end of the Ghost Dance movement came about as a result of:

A) the massacre of 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
B) the assassination of King Kamehameha
C) government repression of New Guinea tribesmen in the 1970s
D) the Mexican Revolution and subsequent land reform

Question 42

One of the principal beliefs of the Ghost Dance movement was that:

A) white people would go away
B) indigenous people would go to battle against ghosts
C) the world would come to an end
D) Hawaii would be ruled again by traditional chiefdoms

Question 43

The displacement of Native Americans from their tribal lands in the U.S. in order to make the land available to white settlers was:

A) accompanied mostly by outlaws and hired guns
B) a formal policy of the United States government
C) a myth invented by radical Indian activists
D) undertaken mostly by foreign immigrants

Question 44

As a result of policies of industrialization and modernization under the Shah of Iran, the Qashqa'i nomads began to:

A) demand more autonomy
B) manufacture cigars
C) adapt an agricultural way of life
D) live in cities like Tehran

Question 45

Resettlement of Mbuti Pygmies on plantations outside the rainforest by the government of Zaire has resulted in their:

A) participation in the national political process
B) contribution to the economy through taxation
C) increased success at agricultural production
D) declining health

Question 46

The discovery of gold within Yanomamö territory has led to:

A) economic prosperity for certain rainforest tribes
B) increased government taxation of Indian communities
C) massacres of Yanomamö men, women, and children
D) better definitions of reservation boundaries

Question 47

Throughout the Arabian Peninsula, Bedouin communities are becoming:

A) absorbed into existing nation-states
B) economically self-sufficient
C) autonomous nations with their own governments
D) wealthy through oil revenues

Question 48

Conflict between the Iroquois and other indigenous tribal groups in the 1600s was NOT due to:

A) the introduction of guns and ammunition by the French
B) dependence on European goods
C) depletion of beavers and other fur-bearing animals vital to trade
D) ancient traditions of blood revenge and glory on the warpath

Question 49

The Ju/'hoansi or San foragers inhabit the modern nations of:

A) South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana
B) Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda
C) Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania
D) Venezuela and Brazil

Question 50

Cargo cults were successful at:

A) mobilizing political resistance against colonial powers
B) driving away Western settlers
C) increasing foreign exports
D) getting importation of soft drinks to Melanesia Essay Questions

Question 51

The introduction of a cash economy has disrupted traditional Ju/'hoansi patterns of:

A) egalitarianism and reciprocity
B) food storage and redistribution
C) centralized decision-making
D) rapid population growth

Question 52

Attempts by indigenous peoples to reinstitute traditional cultural values and beliefs are known as:

A) revitalization movements
B) cultural adaptations
C) cultural revolutions
D) enculturations

Question 53

Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands in the 19th century taught native children that their traditional cultural activities were:

A) gifts from God
B) to be honored and respected
C) barbaric and uncivilized
D) similar to those of the ancient Hebrews

Question 54

Since the 1960s, the Ju/'hoansi or San have become:

A) increasingly independent and isolated from the modern world
B) middle class citizens of the nation of South Africa
C) increasingly dependent upon government assistance
D) one of the few indigenous societies to become financially independent

Question 55

Through contact with European traders, the Hawaiian chiefdom was transformed from a political organization based on to one based on .

A) kinship, personal charisma
B) reciprocity, redistribution
C) personal ability, divine right
D) theocracy, military force

Question 56

Saudi Arabian control of the Al-Murrah Bedouins has been accomplished by making their traditional leader, the emir:

A) the head of an independent state
B) a common Saudi citizen
C) a prisoner for life
D) a dependent government official

Question 57

The adoption of the shotgun by Yanomamö hunters has resulted in:

A) depletion of game animals from rainforest habitats
B) protein surpluses in the Yanomamö diet
C) reduction of hunting ranges
D) independence from a Western cash economy

Question 58

In one of the rituals of the Native American Church, participants use as a form of communal sacrament to partake of the Holy Spirit.

A) specially prepared maize bread
B) modern fast-food items from McDonald's
C) the bones of their ancestors
D) hallucinogenic cactus buds

Question 59

U.S. plantation owners responded to the decline in native Hawaiian populations through infectious diseases by:

A) creating indigenous preserves and reservations
B) importing labor from China, Japan, and the Philippines
C) providing universal health care
D) relocating native Hawaiians to reservations in South Dakota

Question 60

Yanomamö Indians who chose to reside in Christian mission stations:

A) have enjoyed unprecedented economic success
B) are unusually 100% literate in their native language
C) are taught to value and preserve their native culture
D) have become completely dependent on the missionaries

Question 61

What were the effects of resettlement on the Mbuti of Zaire? As a policy advisor to an African government, what recommendations would you make regarding the relocation of hunting and gathering societies?

Question 62

What are the principal elements of Immanuel Wallerstein's "world-systems theory"? How has it been used in anthropology?

Question 63

Using one example of each, compare and contrast a First World, a Second World, and Third World country with one another. What would need to happen in order for your Third World example to become a member of the First World?

Question 64

Given a choice between modernization theory and dependency theory, which model do you prefer to explain the existence of vast inequities between countries of the First World and the Third World? What are the strengths of the model you prefer? What are its weaknesses?

Question 65

Describe the five stages by which a traditional society undergoes modernization to reach a level of high economic growth.

Question 66

Describe some of the changes that have occurred within Ju/'hoansi society as a result of global industrialization. What are some of the ways that the negative effects of industrialization can be reversed?

Question 67

Discuss the principal factors that result in deculturation. What are some of the risks of deculturation for a traditional society?

Question 68

Based on your own knowledge, do you agree with what modernization theory has to say about traditionalism? Do you believe that traditional attitudes of reciprocity will always work against the drive for individual economic success? Why or why not?

Question 69

What governmental policies contributed to the decline of Native American populations in the U.S.?

Question 70

As the head of state of an underdeveloped nation, what are the public policies that you would implement if you wished to modernize your society?