Deck 14: Theories of Personality

Question 1

What did Freud call the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age five?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Answer 1

superego

Question 2

Behavior is influenced by:

A)personality.
B)situational characteristics.
C)individual interpretations of unique situations.
D)all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

"I didn't get the job even though I was the most qualified applicant because the company has to hire a minority worker." This probably illustrates which defense mechanism?

A)rationalization
B)denial
C)repression
D)projection

Answer 3

rationalization

Question 4

According to Jung's psychoanalytic theory,each of us has ________,which are inherited predispositions to respond to certain concepts.

A)drive
B)instincts
C)archetypes
D)archegos

Question 5

The text defines _______ as a unique set of behaviors and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adapts to her/his environment.

A)instincts
B)personality
C)traits
D)motivation

Question 6

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called ____________________.

A)a trait
B)a habit
C)personality
D)learning

Question 7

What did Freud call the part of the personality that learns that we will be happier if we postpone gratification?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Question 8

Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married.Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters.Which defense mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse?

A)rationalization
B)denial
C)repression
D)projection

Question 9

Which of the following gives the stages of development outlined by Freud in the order in which they occur?

A)anal,oral,latency,phallic,genital
B)anal,latency,oral,phallic,genital
C)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital
D)oral,anal,latency,phallic,genital

Question 10

Jane is an angry,hostile woman.At work and in her personal life,she is described as energetic go-getter because she is a workaholic and does a great deal and does a great deal of volunteer work for abused children and women.Jane's behavior may be an example of which defense mechanism?

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 11

According to Jung,our repressed thoughts,undeveloped ideas,and forgotten experiences are contained in the ____________________.

A)persona
B)archetype
C)personal unconscious
D)collective unconscious

Question 12

Jamie is a joiner.She is interested in other people and events going on around her in the world.In Jung's view,she is an ___________________.

A)archetype
B)endomorph
C)introvert
D)extrovert

Question 13

The fundamental or most basic defense mechanism is _______.

A)rationalization
B)repression
C)denial
D)projection

Question 14

The view that personality results from struggles between opposites within each of us is an assumption of which of the following?

A)Jung
B)Adler
C)Maslow
D)Mischel

Question 15

What did Freud call the part of the personality that had to be socialized by parents?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Question 16

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called _______.

A)a trait.
B)an emotional profile.
C)personality.
D)the primary process.

Question 17

Sally has a desire to eat a steak with a baked potato smothered with butter and sour cream.One component of her personality tells her,because she is overweight,that instead of eating the meal,she should fast and direct her efforts to ending world hunger.Another component suggests that it would be better to eat a salad and a bran muffin,then run two miles.The fasting suggestion most likely was made by which component of personality?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)oral

Question 18

According to Bill's psychoanalyst,he was traumatized during the anal stage of his psychosexual development,which accounts for Bill's tightwad habits.Which of the following would be Freud's term for Bill's behavior?

A)anal retentive
B)anal expulsive
C)parsimonious
D)serendipitous

Question 19

Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?

A)the preconscious mind
B)the conscious area
C)suppressions
D)the unconscious

Question 20

John dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel.If a psychologist believed that the dream expressed John's unconscious sexual desires,the psychologist would likely be a _________.

A)humanist
B)learning theorist
C)personologist
D)psychoanalyst

Question 21

Pleasure principle is to _______ as reality principle is to _______.

A)id; superego
B)superego; id
C)id; ego
D)ego; id

Question 22

Sheila was upset by her boss,so she goes home and beats her children,who,in turn,kick the dog.This episode is an example of _______.

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 23

Which of the following Freudian concepts motivates us to better ourselves and live up to our ideals?

A)id
B)ego
C)reality principle
D)superego

Question 24

After a brief early commitment to hypnosis as a method of uncovering unconscious material,Freud later developed his psychoanalytic method of:

A)factor analysis.
B)situational determinism.
C)empathy.
D)free association.

Question 25

Which structure of personality houses one's instincts,according to Freud?

A)ego-ideal
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 26

Identifying with one's opposite-sex parent occurs in which psychosexual stage?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 27

A college student takes a lot of psychology courses so that he will be able to talk about his personal psychological problems in a calm,detached,clinical fashion.He is using the defense mechanism of _______.

A)displacement
B)intellectualization
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 28

The old adage,"Everyone is queer but me and thee," illustrates the defense mechanism of _______.

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 29

Which component of personality mediates between the forces of desire and reality on a moral basis?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego-ideal

Question 30

Joe seems to be constantly condemning himself for being bad and "sinful." In psychoanalytic terms,we would say that Joe has an overdeveloped _______.

A)libido
B)id
C)ego
D)superego

Question 31

The part of personality,according to Freud,that seeks to avoid pain is the ________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego-ideal

Question 32

A college professor continually implies that his students are intellectually inferior.Which of the following defense mechanisms is this professor likely using?

A)projection
B)denial
C)reaction formation
D)sublimation

Question 33

Which statement about the id is most accurate?

A)It is in close contact with bodily needs.
B)It follows the reality principle.
C)It houses the conscience.
D)It drives us to live up to our ideals.

Question 34

According to Freud,an inadequate resolution of the Oedipus Complex leads to:

A)child molestation.
B)a high regard for women.
C)a personality that is reckless and self-assured.
D)love of nature.

Question 35

If a person becomes a Catholic priest or nun because of latent homosexual desires,their occupational choice might represent which defense mechanism?

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 36

Which of the following is the most criticized and least empirically supported of Freud's ideas?

A)superego
B)ego
C)latency period
D)Oedipus and Electra complexes

Question 37

Behaving in ways that are the opposite of what one would unconsciously like to do defines _______

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 38

According to psychoanalytic theory,the _______ is the most basic personality system.

A)preconscious
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 39

Freud developed his theory of personality on the basis of:

A)carefully controlled experiments.
B)systematic observations of children.
C)cross-cultural investigations.
D)case studies of patients.

Question 40

According to Freud,_______ is the basic motivation for all human behavior.

A)instinct
B)the striving for self-actualization
C)the need to know
D)the desire to become superior

Question 41

Picasso's paintings often contained exaggerated sexual symbolism.This way of expressing a basic impulse in a socially praiseworthy fashion illustrates the use of _______.

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 42

The process of toilet training occurs during the _______ stage.

A)phallic
B)oral
C)anal
D)genital

Question 43

According to Freud,the _______ makes up the largest part of our personality.

A)preconscious
B)conscious
C)unconscious
D)These three areas contribute equally to personality.

Question 44

The stage of personality development which lasts from about age 6 until puberty is known as the _______ stage.

A)phallic
B)anal
C)genital
D)latency

Question 45

The Oedipus and Electra complexes occur during the _______ stage.

A)anal
B)phallic
C)oral
D)latency

Question 46

According to social learning theory,a child who pretends she is smoking because she saw her favorite TV star smoking would be learning through ______________.

A)reinforcement
B)punishment
C)imitation
D)practice

Question 47

___________________theory emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning.

A)Humanistic
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Social learning
D)Trait

Question 48

Social Learning Theory suggests that ___________________.

A)reinforcement alone explains how behaviors are learned
B)reinforcement and classical conditioning account for the learning of behaviors
C)people learn from observing which behaviors of others are rewarded and punished
D)classical conditioning alone accounts for the learning of behaviors.

Question 49

Maria takes good notes in class.Whenever someone who has missed class due to illness asks her if he can copy her notes,she grips them tightly and says "No! They're mine,and I don't wish to share them." A psychoanalytic theorist would probably contend that Maria has a(n)_______ fixation.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 50

For Allport,a person whose life revolved around one or two themes,such as accumulating wealth and being respected,would be exhibiting what he termed ___________.

A)types
B)secondary traits
C)central traits
D)cardinal traits

Question 51

That part of the personality which operates on the reality principle is the _______.

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)eros

Question 52

One of the most serious criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is its:

A)reliance on tests.
B)lack of flexibility.
C)unrealistic optimism.
D)use of after-the-fact explanations.

Question 53

An orally fixated person would most likely:

A)be an only child.
B)dislike his or her father.
C)be a sloppy dresser.
D)eat and smoke a great deal.

Question 54

The correct order of Freud's stages of development is:

A)anal,oral,phallic,genital,latency.
B)oral,anal,genital,phallic,latency.
C)latency,oral,anal,phallic,genital.
D)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a humanist?

A)May
B)Maslow
C)Bandura
D)Rogers

Question 56

Four-year-old Kevin is in love with his mother,and wants very much to get rid of his father so that he can have his mother all to himself.According to Freud,Kevin is undergoing:

A)a regression.
B)the genital stage.
C)an Oedipus complex.
D)all of the above

Question 57

The id is that part of the personality which operates according to the:

A)pleasure principle.
B)superego.
C)rules of reality.
D)past experiences of the individual.

Question 58

The superego is that part of the personality which represents the _______.

A)pleasure principle
B)reality principle
C)thanatos
D)conscience

Question 59

The latency period lasts from _______ years of age.

A)1-3
B)3-6
C)6-12
D)12-18

Question 60

Six-year-old Suzie sees her younger brother approaching with the new toy he received for his birthday.Suzie suddenly decides she wants the toy,so she pushes her brother to the ground,grabs his toy,and rushes into the next room to play with it.During this situation,the part of Suzie's personality which is most likely in control is her _______.

A)conscious
B)superego
C)ego
D)id

Question 61

Unconditional positive regard is most important to _______.

A)Freud
B)Jung
C)Maslow
D)Rogers

Question 62

_______ name the theory that emphasizes the concept that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning.

A)Humanistic
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Social learning
D)Trait

Question 63

According to Rogers,all people have a need for:

A)superiority.
B)sex and aggression.
C)positive regard.
D)anxiety reduction.

Question 64

Which of the following believes humans have a natural motivation to reach their highest potential?

A)Maslow
B)Skinner
C)Adler
D)Jung

Question 65

Carl Rogers,Abraham Maslow,and Rollo May are all _______.

A)behaviorists
B)psychoanalysts
C)humanists
D)cognitivists

Question 66

"Becoming what one ought to be" is one way to define _______.

A)peak experience
B)self-actualization
C)achievement potential
D)self concept

Question 67

Which of the following,according to Rogers,is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person?

A)someone with a strongly developed superego
B)someone with an extroverted personality
C)someone brought up with conditional positive regard
D)someone brought up with unconditional positive regard

Question 68

According to Rogers,people brought up with conditional positive regard _______.

A)tend to be vain and narcissistic
B)tend to act as if they were orally fixated
C)feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors
D)live lives directed toward what others want and value

Question 69

The most famous humanistic psychologist was _______.

A)Rogers
B)Skinner
C)Maslow
D)Adler