Question 1

What did Freud call the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age five?

Accepted Answer

The superego is the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age five according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. It is responsible for enforcing the moral standards and values of society and parents, and can result in feelings of guilt or anxiety when someone violates these standards.

Question 2

Behavior is influenced by:

Accepted Answer

Behavior is influenced by a combination of personality, situational characteristics, and individual interpretations of unique situations. All three factors interact to shape human behavior. Personality traits, such as introversion/extraversion and conscientiousness, can influence how a person responds to a given situation. Situational characteristics, such as the presence of others or the level of potential threat, can also affect behavior. Finally, individual interpretations of unique situations can lead to differences in behavior between individuals. Therefore, all of the above are factors that can influence behavior.

Question 3

"I didn't get the job even though I was the most qualified applicant because the company has to hire a minority worker." This probably illustrates which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

This illustrates the defense mechanism of rationalization, where the individual justifies or makes excuses for an unfavorable outcome by blaming external factors instead of accepting personal responsibility.

Question 4

According to Jung's psychoanalytic theory,each of us has ________,which are inherited predispositions to respond to certain concepts.

Accepted Answer

Jung believed in the existence of archetypes, which are universal symbolic representations that are inherited and present in the collective unconscious of all human beings. These archetypes predispose individuals to respond to certain concepts and represent universal patterns of behavior and personality that are present across cultures and time periods. Drive and instincts are more closely associated with Freud's psychoanalytic theory, while "archegos" does not appear to be a recognized concept in psychology.

Question 5

The text defines _______ as a unique set of behaviors and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adapts to her/his environment.

Accepted Answer

Personality is defined as a unique set of behaviors and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adapts to his/her environment. Traits refer to specific characteristics that contribute to an individual's personality. Instincts and motivation are not comprehensive enough to fully define personality.

Question 6

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called ____________________.

Accepted Answer

Personality refers to persistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make individuals unique. Traits are a component of personality, representing specific characteristics that are relatively stable over time and across situations. Habits refer to learned behaviors that become automatic over time, and learning refers to the acquisition of new information or behaviors through experience. Therefore, personality is the best answer as it encompasses all three components (traits, habits, and learning) and is the only option that specifically refers to the pattern of characteristics that distinguishes one person from another.

Question 7

What did Freud call the part of the personality that learns that we will be happier if we postpone gratification?

Accepted Answer

Freud called the part of the personality that learns to postpone gratification the "ego." The ego operates on the reality principle, balancing the desires of the id with the constraints of reality.

Question 8

Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married.Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters.Which defense mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse?

Accepted Answer

Repression is a defense mechanism that helps individuals to cope with anxiety by unconsciously pushing disturbing thoughts, feelings, and memories out of consciousness. Anna's inability to remember her own premarital sexual encounters could be explained by the repression of those memories, possibly due to her changing beliefs and values about premarital sex as she matured or due to her desire to enforce strict moral standards for her daughter. Rationalization refers to the act of justifying one's behavior or beliefs with seemingly plausible explanations. Denial involves the refusal to accept reality or acknowledge a disturbing fact. Projection arises when one attributes their own unconscious desires, impulses, or characteristics onto another person. None of these defense mechanisms apply to Anna's situation as described.

Question 9

Which of the following gives the stages of development outlined by Freud in the order in which they occur?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychosexual stages of development occur in the following order: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 10

Jane is an angry,hostile woman.At work and in her personal life,she is described as energetic go-getter because she is a workaholic and does a great deal and does a great deal of volunteer work for abused children and women.Jane's behavior may be an example of which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Sublimation is the defense mechanism where a person channels their unwanted impulses or emotions into socially acceptable or productive activities. In this case, Jane's anger and hostility may be channeled into her work and volunteer activities, making her appear as an energetic go-getter.

Question 11

According to Jung,our repressed thoughts,undeveloped ideas,and forgotten experiences are contained in the ____________________.

Accepted Answer

According to Jung, our repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences are contained in the personal unconscious, which is the part of the psyche that is unique to each individual and contains material that has been repressed or forgotten but can be brought to consciousness through exploration and analysis. The persona refers to the social mask or facade that we present to the world, while archetypes and the collective unconscious relate to universal patterns and symbols that are shared across cultures and time periods.

Question 12

Jamie is a joiner.She is interested in other people and events going on around her in the world.In Jung's view,she is an ___________________.

Accepted Answer

Jung's theory classified individuals as either introverts, who tend to be more focused on their internal thoughts and feelings, or extroverts, who tend to be more interested in the external world and people around them. Based on the description given, Jamie seems to be more extroverted, making D the correct choice.

Question 13

The fundamental or most basic defense mechanism is _______.

Accepted Answer

Repression is the most basic defense mechanism because it involves the unconscious blocking of thoughts, feelings, and memories that are too painful or threatening to be consciously acknowledged.

Question 14

The view that personality results from struggles between opposites within each of us is an assumption of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The view that personality results from struggles between opposites within each of us is a key assumption of Carl Jung's analytical psychology.

Question 15

What did Freud call the part of the personality that had to be socialized by parents?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What did Freud call the part of...

Question 16

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called _______.

Accepted Answer

Personality is the pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another. Traits are one aspect of personality, but personality encompasses a broader range of factors. Emotional profile and primary process are not commonly used terms in personality psychology.

Question 17

Sally has a desire to eat a steak with a baked potato smothered with butter and sour cream.One component of her personality tells her,because she is overweight,that instead of eating the meal,she should fast and direct her efforts to ending world hunger.Another component suggests that it would be better to eat a salad and a bran muffin,then run two miles.The fasting suggestion most likely was made by which component of personality?

Accepted Answer

The suggestion to fast and focus on world hunger reflects the internalized moral standards and values of the superego, which seeks to restrain impulsive desires and promote socially responsible behavior. The id, on the other hand, represents instinctual drives and impulses, while the ego mediates between the id's desires and the demands of reality. The oral stage of psychosexual development is associated with the first year of life and the formation of basic trust and attachment to caregivers, and is not directly relevant to the scenario described.

Question 18

According to Bill's psychoanalyst,he was traumatized during the anal stage of his psychosexual development,which accounts for Bill's tightwad habits.Which of the following would be Freud's term for Bill's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that during the anal stage of psychosexual development, individuals could become fixated on issues surrounding control and cleanliness. Those who become fixated in the first stage may develop anal-retentive behaviors, such as excessive orderliness, stinginess, obstinacy, and meticulousness. Therefore, Bill's behavior of being a tightwad is most closely related to Freud's concept of anal-retentive.

Question 19

Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?

Accepted Answer

Freud was most fascinated by the unconscious mind and believed that it held repressed thoughts, memories, and desires that influence a person's behavior and emotions without their conscious awareness. He theorized that understanding the unconscious mind was essential for treating psychological problems.

Question 20

John dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel.If a psychologist believed that the dream expressed John's unconscious sexual desires,the psychologist would likely be a _________.

Accepted Answer

The reference to unconscious desires suggests that the psychologist believes in the concept of the unconscious mind and its importance in shaping behavior, which is a central tenet of psychoanalysis.

Quiz 14: Theories of Personality