Deck 12: Morality, religion, and Justice

Question 1

At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development,someone is considered moral when she

A)refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
B)decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting.
C)chooses to do one of two good deeds because she is more likely to be recognized by doing the chosen deed.
D)donates money to AIDS research because she has AIDS.
E)helps her little sister with homework rather than her little sister's friend.

Answer 1

refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.

Question 2

Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent with cultural norms.This is an example of

A)the morality of personal choice.
B)preconventional moral reasoning.
C)conventional moral reasoning.
D)postconventional moral reasoning.
E)the ethic of autonomy.

Answer 2

conventional moral reasoning.

Question 3

The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with

A)the ethic of community.
B)preconventional moral reasoning.
C)the ethic of autonomy.
D)postconventional moral reasoning.
E)the ethic of divinity.

Answer 3

the ethic of divinity.

Question 4

According to the textbook,progressive and orthodox religious groups are fundamentally different from each other in terms of how they reason about moral issues.True or false?

A)False-they both have the same types of fairness norms.
B)True-they are at different levels of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning and focus on different codes of ethics.
C)False-neither of them moralize thoughts.
D)True-they abide by different codes of ethics when reasoning about moral issues.
E)False-they are at the same levels of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning.

Question 5

Confucian scholars in seventeenth-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors,thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature.This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of

A)the ethic of community.
B)preconventional reasoning.
C)conventional reasoning.
D)the ethic of divinity.
E)the ethic of autonomy.

Question 6

According to the secularization theory,which of the following findings seem the likeliest?

A)a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality
B)94 percent of Americans reporting belief in God(s)in some form
C)a move toward a balance between Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft groups
D)meritocracy gaining appeal as a principle for fair distribution
E)an increase in the belief that one's thoughts have nothing to do with morality

Question 7

A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook by Christmas,after which he will be paid $15,000.What is this an example of?

A)the reasoning of the ethic of community
B)the relationships in Gesellschaft groups
C)the reasoning of conventional morality
D)the relationships in Gemeinschaft groups
E)the reasoning of the ethic of divinity

Question 8

An orthodox Baptist and a progressive Baptist are watching news coverage of China's ban on pornography.According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality,which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?

A)The progressive Baptist is likelier to say,"That ban is immoral because it infringes on people's abilities to act as autonomous individuals to decide what is acceptable."
B)The orthodox Baptist is likelier to say,"That ban is immoral because pornography facilitates couples fulfilling their sexual obligations to each other."
C)The progressive Baptist is likelier to say,"That ban is immoral because it is restricting the portrayal of the natural,God-given act of sex."
D)The orthodox Baptist is likelier to say,"That ban is immoral because it is a person's own responsibility to figure out what material is appropriate."
E)The progressive Baptist is likelier to say,"That ban is immoral because it prevents people in marriages from committing adultery,thus succumbing to the sin of lust."

Question 9

While traveling in China,a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China's Great Firewall to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube.Which of the following is NOT something that he would invoke in making the decision,based on Kohlberg's model of moral development?

A)"I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because there is no way that I will get caught."
B)"I will not try to circumvent the Great Firewall because it is against the law."
C)"I will not try to circumvent the Great Firewall because officials are always monitoring Internet traffic and will easily find me."
D)"I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because the only law I abide is that which was created by God."
E)"I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because it infringes on my rights to freely explore the Internet."

Question 10

Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that

A)conventional reasoning is not evident in many folk village populations.
B)in Western urban environments almost all adults reason in postconventional moral terms.
C)adults in folk village populations most commonly reason in preconventional terms.
D)in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.
E)the ethic of autonomy is not a moral principle in many cultures.

Question 11

Lloyd is politically very conservative,scores highly on the "loyalty to in-group" moral institution,and greatly respects hierarchy.Thus,there would be a good cultural fit between Lloyd and a culture that is characterized by

A)the ethic of divinity.
B)secularization.
C)Gemeinschaft.
D)the principle of equity.
E)Gesellschaft.

Question 12

According to studies of immorality and thought,what will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?

A)The man deserves to be punished.
B)The man has violated the ethic of divinity.
C)The man has violated the ethic of autonomy.
D)The man has failed to achieve purity.
E)The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts.

Question 13

Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens)find that

A)lower-Socioeconomic Status (SES)Americans are rather unique in that they do not view these behaviors as immoral.
B)Brazilians,regardless of social class,do not tend to view these behaviors as unique.
C)upper-SES Americans are more likely than upper-SES Brazilians to view these behaviors as immoral.
D)lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.
E)upper-SES Brazilians view these behaviors to be more immoral than lower-SES Brazilians.

Question 14

It is a valid task to objectively determine whether some cultures are morally more superior to others.True or false?

A)False-it is difficult to determine the appropriate standards with which to objectively compare the morality of different cultures.
B)True-cultural differences from Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning is definitive evidence that some cultures are morally superior to others.
C)False-we can only objectively morally compare cultures in terms of moral intuitions,but nothing else.
D)True-this is because cultures around the world can be divided in terms of the different codes of ethics.
E)False-secularization theory suggests that morality cannot be measured.

Question 15

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development,someone is considered moral when he

A)refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
B)decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting.
C)chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.
D)donates money to AIDS research because he has AIDS.
E)helps his little sister with homework rather than his little sister's friend.

Question 16

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?

A)Marian stabs Roland in the arm.
B)Horatio has surgery to install extra eyes in his face.
C)Peter throws a plastic bottle into the trash.
D)Andrea misses her sister's wedding because Andrea's flight was canceled.
E)Jack disobeys his father's commands.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning?

A)ethic of autonomy
B)ethic of justice
C)ethic of community
D)ethic of divinity
E)All of these ethics were proposed in Shweder's model.

Question 18

According to the textbook,which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective of cultural diversity?

A)How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?
B)When all cultures around the world have the same psychological phenomenon,it is difficult to say what survival advantage(s)that psychological phenomenon conferred.
C)With different cultures exhibiting variation on a given psychological phenomenon,it is hard to determine if there exists some underlying construct.
D)How can cultural diversity exist if humans all evolved from a common ancestor?
E)It is far too complicated an explanation of cultural diversity than a creationist account of cultural diversity.

Question 19

Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans,which of the following would you expect to occur?

A)Eric,an American,is more likely than Rahul,an Indian,to view a duty to attend a friend's birthday celebration in full moral terms.
B)Rahul,an Indian,is less likely than Eric,an American,to be concerned about reporting a crime that he has just witnessed.
C)Rahul,an Indian,is more likely than Eric,an American,to feel that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.
D)Rahul,an Indian,is more likely than Eric,an American,to base his morality largely on whether something is natural or not.
E)Eric,an American,is more likely than Rahul,an Indian,to base his morality on whether something is a social obligation.

Question 20

The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?

A)justice
B)community
C)divinity
D)autonomy
E)orthodoxy

Question 21

In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor,you decide to draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture's willingness to engage in (a)antisocial punishment and (b)altruistic punishment.Draw such a line graph.

Question 22

Which of the following statements would be the most important to someone who is very liberal in North America?

A)"Pornography should be banned outright because it promotes one of God's sins."
B)"There is nothing you can offer me that would make me want to leave my team and join yours."
C)"I am willing to die for my country if someone chooses to attack it."
D)"The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says."
E)"This is wrong because it is causing people a lot of pain."

Question 23

Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor.They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture,and they also share the same office during office hours.Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their cases to get some extra points for their essays.Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?

A)if the student's claim was "I deserve these few points because I worked really hard and spent a lot of sleepless nights doing practice questions"
B)if the student's claim was "I think I should be given these few extra points because I am a better student than the grade indicates"
C)if the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"
D)if the student's claim was "I should get these few extra points because my friend Ryan got a few extra points as well"
E)if the student's claim was "The essay was not fair because it did not ask us to write about something we were actually interested in"

Question 24

You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others.One day,a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger.You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger.Based on all the information given in this question,which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?

A)$0
B)$5
C)$13
D)$15
E)$25

Question 25

Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning,Shweder's different codes of ethics,and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.

Question 26

According to research on political identity and morality,which of the following is true in North America?

A)People who are the most conservative value the ethic of divinity the most.
B)The extent to which people respect hierarchy is unrelated to their political identities.
C)People from most political identities value protecting fairness less than they do avoiding harm.
D)People who are very conservative have less variability in their endorsement of different ethics compared to people who are very liberal.
E)People from all political identities value all aspects of the ethic of autonomy more than any other codes of ethics.

Question 27

You are surveying computer stores in individualistic and collectivistic cultures to determine what system they use to pay their sales employees.System 1 is to pay based on a meritocracy.System 2 is to pay everyone the same amount of money each month.Draw a bar graph that portrays the proportion of individualistic companies and collectivistic companies that use each salary system.

Question 28

An orthodox religious adherent is debating with a progressive religious adherent about abortion.They each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives.In the space below,for each religious adherent,graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.

Question 29

Benny and Matthew are good friends.Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant.Given this information,which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?

A)Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.
B)Benny is more likely than Matthew to engage in postconventional moral reasoning.
C)Matthew is less likely to believe that thinking about baseball will lead to him playing baseball.
D)Matthew is more upset about people committing adultery than Benny is.
E)Benny is more likely than Matthew to praise one's ability to stop himself or herself from thinking about playing baseball.

Question 30

"It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others." Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological models discussed in your textbook.

Question 31

Antisocial punishment is an example of a(n)

A)meritocracy.
B)nonuniversal.
C)public goods game.
D)code of autonomy.
E)accessibility universal.

Question 32

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans,the researchers did NOT find that

A)Indians are equally likely as Americans to use the principle of equality.
B)Americans are more likely than Indians to use the principle of merit.
C)Indians are more likely than Americans to make decisions based on seniority.
D)Indians consider people's needs more than do Americans in allocating rewards.
E)All of these statements are true.

Question 33

Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is true?

A)The more conservative one is,the more one is concerned about all five moral institutions.
B)The more liberal one is,the more one is concerned about protecting fairness.
C)The more liberal one is,the less one is concerned about loyalty to the in-group.
D)Regardless of political identity,people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they are about purity.
E)Regardless of political identity,people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they are about loyalty to the in-group.

Question 34

In playing a public goods game,Horatio keeps punishing Yorick,who had previously punished Horatio,despite Yorick being a cooperator.The goal is for everyone to get as much money as possible.Which of the following is a predictor of Horatio's behavior?

A)He is from a WEIRD culture.
B)He also engages in altruistic punishment.
C)He is from a culture with weak rule of law.
D)He is in the conventional level of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning.
E)He abides by the code of divinity.

Question 35

Inderjit,an Indian villager,came across a pot of gold while working in the fields.How is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?

A)The amount people receive depends on their contribution to the village.
B)People who need more money receive more pieces of gold.
C)Older villagers are seen as deserving more pieces of gold.
D)Everyone gets five pieces of gold.
E)The amount people receive should be distributed based on a lottery system.