Deck 5: Freedom of Expression

Question 1

The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was adopted to guarantee the right to freedom of expression.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The Children's Internet Protection Act required federally financed schools and libraries to use some form of technological protection to block computer access to obscene material, pornography, and anything else considered harmful to minors.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Web dynamic filtering uses keywords or phrases to block access to Web sites.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The Children's Internet Protection Act was eventually found to be unconstitutional.

Question 5

According to a survey by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, one in five teenagers have engaged in sexting.

Question 6

Employees who are unwillingly exposed to pornography or other objectionable material while using their work computer would have a strong case for sexual harassment.

Question 7

In Reno v. ACLU, the Supreme Court ruled that the same free-speech protections apply to communication over the Internet as exists for print communication.

Question 8

After a temporary injunction as well as numerous hearings and appeals, the Supreme Court ruled that the Child Online Protection Act was constitutional.

Question 9

Mason v. California is the 1973 Supreme Court case that established a test to determine if material is obscene.

Question 10

In the ICRA rating system, Web authors fill out an online questionnaire to describe the content of their site.

Question 11

One of the early Supreme Court rulings that addressed anonymity as an aspect of the Bill of Rights was NAACP v. Alabama in which the court ruled that the NAACP did not have to turn its membership list over to the state of Alabama.

Question 12

The IP address can be used to identify the sender of an ordinary e-mail or online posting.

Question 13

Obscene speech is not protected by the First Amendment.

Question 14

The Communications Decency Act was aimed at protecting children from revealing personal information about themselves or their parents.

Question 15

Over the years, a number of federal, state, and local laws have been found unconstitutional because they violated one of the tenets of the First Amendment.

Question 16

The Child Online Protection Act was an attempt to protect children from online pornography while preserving the rights of adults.

Question 17

Making either an oral or a written statement of alleged fact that is false and harms another is called slander.

Question 18

In some states, sexting can result in felony charges and first-time offenders can be registered as sex offenders.

Question 19

The Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment does not protect the right of individuals to speak anonymously.

Question 20

Anonymous expression is a relatively new phenomena that came shortly after the arrival of the Internet allowed people to express their opinions without revealing their identity.

Question 21

Organizations may direct their network administrators to install a(n) ____ on employee's computers to prevent them from viewing sites that contain pornography or other objectionable material.

A) packet sniffer
B) antivirus software
C) Internet filter
D) intrusion prevention software

Question 22

In the United States, speech that is annoying, critical, demeaning, or offensive is not protected under the First Amendment.

Question 23

Privacy advocacy groups such as the Electronic Privacy Information Center, the ACLU, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation claimed that the language in the Child Online Protection Act was overly vague and limited the ability of ____ to access material protected under the First Amendment.

A) children
B) adults
C) minorities
D) non-U.S. citizens

Question 24

Once a John Doe lawsuit is filed and the court grants permission, the plaintiff can serve subpoenas on any third party-such as an Internet service provider or a Web site hosting firm-that may have information about the true identity of the defendant.

Question 25

Many Internet service providers reserve the right to remove content that, in their judgment, does not meet their standards documented in some form of user agreement or guidelines. However, the pulling of such content violates the subscriber's First Amendment rights.

Question 26

The First Amendment protects American's rights to freedom of religion and ____.

A) right to bear arms
B) freedom of expression
C) personal privacy
D) freedom from self-incrimination

Question 27

The Federal Trade Commission is charged with enforcing the CAN-SPAM act but has done little to enforce the act.

Question 28

Miller v. California is the Supreme Court case that established a test to determine ____.

A) whether someone has been defamed
B) if court testimony is true or represents perjury
C) local community standards
D) if material is obscene

Question 29

The problem with the Communications Decency Act was its broad language and vague definition of ____, resulting in the Act being ruled unconstitutional.

A) privacy
B) indecency
C) protected speech
D) libel

Question 30

Pornography purveyors are free to produce and publish whatever they want; however, if what they distribute is judged obscene, they are subject to prosecution under the Children's Internet Protection Act.

Question 31

Fewer and fewer organizations are allowing their employees to create their own personal blogs relating to their employment.

Question 32

The ____ Act is still in effect and has not been ruled unconstitutional.

A) Child Online Protection
B) Communications Decency
C) Children's Internet Protection
D) Online Community Protection

Question 33

After a three judge federal panel ruled unanimously that the Communications Decency Act unconstitutionally restricted ____, the government appealed to the Supreme Court in a case that became known as Reno v. ACLU.

A) free speech
B) the right to bear arms
C) protection of personal privacy
D) protection of personal property

Question 34

In the Internet Content Rating Association's Web site rating scheme, ____ fill out an online questionnaire to describe the content of the Web site.

A) Web site visitors
B) members of the ICRA
C) Web site authors
D) objective, third-party Web consultants

Question 35

Although they may implement a speech code, public schools and universities are legally considered agents of the government and therefore must follow the First Amendment's prohibition against speech restrictions based on content or viewpoint.

Question 36

The CAN-SPAM Act clearly defines the conditions under which the sending of spam is legal.

Question 37

The New York State Court in Pre-Paid v. Sturtz et al. set a legal precedent that refined the criteria that the courts apply when deciding whether or not to approve subpoenas requesting the identity of anonymous Web posters.

Question 38

The Supreme Court has held that this form of speech is not protected by the First Amendment and may be forbidden by the government: ____.

A) flag burning
B) speech that is highly offensive to a majority of people
C) anonymous speech
D) perjury

Question 39

The Children's Internet Protection Act ____.

A) attempted to block children from providing personal information without consent of their parents
B) excludes discounts offered by the E-rate program to schools, churches, and libraries that do not implement certain Internet safety measures
C) requires schools, churches, and libraries to adopt a policy to monitor the online activities of minors
D) attempted to protect children from accessing pornography and other explicit material online

Question 40

Anonymity on the Internet is guaranteed.

Question 41

Anonymous expression in the U.S. began around the time of ____.

A) the American Civil War
B) the Vietnam War
C) the American Revolution
D) World War II

Question 42

Anonymous expression is ____.

A) the expression of opinions by people who do not reveal their identity
B) the freedom to express an opinion without fear of reprisal
C) less important in countries that do not allow free speech
D) relatively new and was brought on by the arrival of e-mail and the Internet

Question 43

Its broad accessibility, open discussions, and ____________________ make the Internet a remarkable communications medium.

Question 44

A(n) ____ is a numeric identifier assigned to each computer connected to the Internet.

A) URL
B) logon id
C) serial number
D) IP address

Question 45

The use of a remailer keeps communications anonymous; what is communicated, and whether it is ethical or legal, ____.

A) depends on if it violates the Electronic Communications Privacy Act
B) is up to the user of the remailer
C) is up to the recipient of the e-mail
D) is up to the remailer

Question 46

A(n) ____ is often filed against a defendant whose identity is temporarily unknown.

A) USA PATRIOT Act warrant
B) John Doe lawsuit
C) restraining order
D) anonymous warrant

Question 47

____________________ is a fast growing trend among teens and young adults that involves the sending of sexual messages, nude or seminude photos or sexually explicit videos over a cell phone.

Question 48

A pamphlet called ____ was published by Thomas Paine and critiqued the British monarchy and urged the colonies to become independent.

A) Common Sense
B) The Tattler
C) Independence
D) On Guard

Question 49

In U.S. Navy v. America Online, a sailor used a pseudonym to post information that ____.

A) revealed the current locations of several warships
B) outlined future navy missions
C) suggested that he might be gay
D) identified names and addresses of many of his fellow sailors

Question 50

In the United States, speech that is merely annoying, critical, demeaning, or offensive enjoys protection under the First Amendment. Legal recourse is possible only when that speech turns into clear threats and intimidation against ____.

A) government officials
B) members of a minority group
C) U.S. citizens
D) specific citizens

Question 51

The Supreme Court has also ruled that the First Amendment protects the right to speak ____________________ as part of the guarantee of free speech.

Question 52

Internet users who want to remain anonymous can send e-mail to a(n) ____ service, which uses software to strip the originating IP address from the message.

A) Internet filter
B) anonymous remailer
C) John Doe
D) ISP

Question 53

Implementing the Children's Internet Protection Act is more difficult for a library than a school because ____.

A) the library's services are open to people of all ages
B) the library services are typically available to more people than a school
C) librarians are not well versed in issues dealing with the access of obscene material
D) there are many more books in a library than in a school

Question 54

An organization's IT department can set up a(n) ____ to prohibit employees from accessing remailers.

A) Internet filter
B) firewall
C) anonymizer
D) Trojan horse

Question 55

Proponents of the Children's Internet Protection Act argued that ____.

A) Internet filters are inflexible and non-customizable
B) opponents downplayed the limitations of Internet filters
C) schools and libraries could elect to not implement the program, they just would not receive Federal money for Internet access
D) the act transferred power over education to private software companies

Question 56

The right to freedom of expression is restricted when the expressions, whether spoken or written, are ____________________ and cause harm to another person.
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Question 57

____ was a printer who was prosecuted for seditious libel because s(he) refused to reveal the names of anonymous authors whose writings were critical of the governor of new York.

A) Ben Franklin
B) Martha Franklin
C) Thomas Paine
D) John Zenger

Question 58

In United States v. American Library Association, the Supreme Court, in a 6-3 decision, held that public libraries ____.

A) cannot implement Internet filters to restrict patrons' access to material
B) must allow unrestricted Internet access for adults and provide computers with only limited access for students
C) must purchase filtering software and comply with all portions of the Children's Internet Protection Act
D) must hire librarians well versed in the use of computer filters to aid in the implementation of a library filtering program

Question 59

The right to freedom of expression if guaranteed by the ____________________ Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

Question 60

One of the first rulings by the Supreme Court to address anonymity as an aspect of the Bill or Rights was the 1958 case ____.

A) U.S. Navy v. America Online
B) NAACP v. Alabama
C) Miranda v. Arizona
D) ACLU v. Department of Justice

Question 61

The California State Court in Pre-Paid Legal v. Sturtz et al. set a legal precedent that refined the criteria that courts apply when deciding whether or not to approve subpoenas requesting the identity of ____________________ Web posters.

Question 62

The goal of the Communications Decency Act was to protect children from ____________________.

Question 63

A written defamatory statement is called ____________________.

Question 64

An aggrieved party can file a(n) ____________________ against a defendant whose identity is temporarily unknown.

Question 65

With ____________________ filtering, each Web site's content is evaluated immediately before it is displayed, using such techniques as object analysis and image recognition.

Question 66

Under the ICRA rating system, the ICRA does not rate Web content, the ____________________ do.

Question 67

The ___________________________________ was an attempt to keep harmful material on the World Wide Web from reaching minors.
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Question 68

____________________ harassment aimed at a specific person can be prosecuted under the law.
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Question 69

An oral defamatory statement is called ____________________.

Question 70

The ____________________ can be used to identify the sender of an e-mail or an online posting.

Question 71

With ____________________ filtering, a particular URL or domain name is identified as belonging to an objectionable site, and the user is not allowed access to it.

Question 72

Making either an oral or a written statement of an alleged fact that is false and harms another person is called ____________________.

Question 73

Internet users who want to remain anonymous can send e-mail to a(n) ____________________ which uses software to strip our the originating IP number from the message and then forwards the message to the intended recipient.

Question 74

The problem with the Communications Decency Act was its broad language and vague definition of indecency, a standard that was left to individual ____________________ to decide.

Question 75

The Children's Internet Protection Act required federally financed ____________________ to use some form of technological protection to block computer access to material considered harmful to minors.
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Question 76

Net Nanny, Safe Eyes, CYBERSitter, WiseChoice.NET, and CyberPatrol are all examples of ____________________.

Question 77

In United States v. American Library Association, the Supreme Court ruled that the Children's Internet Protection Act was ____________________.

Question 78

Prohibitions against ____________________ that are included in the service contracts between a private ISP and its subscribers do not violate the subscriber's First Amendment rights.

Question 79

Employees who are unwillingly exposed to pornography would have a strong case for ____________________.

Question 80

The Supreme Court ruled in June 2004 that there would be a "potential for extraordinary harm and a serious chill upon protected speech" if the ___________________________________ went into effect.
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