Deck 8: Problems of Kinship

Question 1

Burnstein and colleagues reason that helping should decrease as the genetic relatedness between helped and recipient decreases and argue that __________.

A)helping that is relatively trivial is a better test of the inclusive fitness hypothesis
B)inclusive fitness theory is the best of competing hypotheses for differences in helping behavior as a function of genetic relatedness
C)no other theory besides inclusive fitness hypothesis predicts a helping gradient that follows from the amount of genetic overlap
D)many theories in psychology predict a helping gradient that follows from the amount of genetic overlap

Answer 1

no other theory besides inclusive fitness hypothesis predicts a helping gradient that follows from the amount of genetic overlap

Question 2

___________ score lower on measures of family solidarity and identity than ___________.

A)Firstborns;middleborns and lastborns
B)Lastborns;firstborns
C)Firstborns;middleborns
D)Middleborns;firstborns and lastborns

Answer 2

Middleborns;firstborns and lastborns

Question 3

Among ground squirrels,__________ were more likely than ___________ to cooperate in mutual defense of their offspring.

A)half brothers;full brothers
B)full brothers;half brothers
C)half sisters;full sisters
D)full sisters;half sisters

Answer 3

full sisters;half sisters

Question 4

The grandmother hypothesis __________.

A)states that menopause evolved as a means of ceasing direct reproduction,to force women to invest in children and then grandchildren
B)states that grandmothers should invest more than grandfathers because of greater certainty of genetic relatedness to their grandchildren
C)has not been supported empirically
D)has been empirically documented only in Western cultures

Question 5

Of the three hypotheses that Sherman offered to explain calling in ground squirrels,the ______________ received the most empirical support.

A)inclusive fitness hypothesis
B)predator confusion hypothesis
C)bait-and-switch hypothesis
D)parental investment hypothesis

Question 6

Selection will favor adaptations for helping kin in proportion to ______________.

A)their past mate value
B)their genetic relatedness
C)how needy they are of financial aid
D)how long it takes that help to translate into fitness benefits

Question 7

Burnstein,Crandall,and Kitayama found that __________.

A)women recall more family members than men
B)helping is greater as a function of increased genetic relatedness and decreases in the reproductive value of the relative
C)helping is greater as a function of increased genetic relatedness and increases in the reproductive value of the relative
D)women are more helpful than men

Question 8

Sulloway's theory predicts that __________.

A)firstborns will be more rebellious than laterborns
B)laterborns will be more conservative than firstborns
C)children will inhabit different niches depending on their birth order
D)children will compete for the same niches to signal their competitive abilities relative to their siblings

Question 9

Hamilton's rule specifies __________.

A)the conditions under which mechanisms favoring altruism can evolve
B)the conditions under which mechanisms favoring altruism cannot evolve
C)both (a)and (b)
D)neither (a)nor (b)

Question 10

Hamilton's rule states that __________.

A)r < cb
B)b > cr
C)c > rb
D)c < rb

Question 11

What is the adaptive value of distinguishing between different kin members in terms of their social rank?

A)It provides a means for identifying individuals from whom we are likely to receive altruism and those to whom we might channel our altruistic acts.
B)It allows us to identify those who are more capable of giving altruism and those who are more likely in need of altruism.
C)both (a)and (b)
D)neither (a)nor (b)

Question 12

Which of the following statements about birth order is true?

A)Firstborns always receive the most parental investment in families with three or more children.
B)Middleborns end up receiving less total parental investment even if the parents divide their investment equally among all the children present in the household at a given time.
C)Lastborns always receive the least parental investment if the parents divide their investment equally among all the children present in the household at a given time.
D)Middleborns end up receiving more total parental investment,particularly if the parents divide their investment equally among all the children present in the household at a given time.

Question 13

Daly,Salmon,and Wilson state that in all societies __________.

A)kin will be classified in reference to the peripheral individual
B)kin relationships will be arrayed on a dimension of closeness
C)cooperation between kin will be a function of their closeness and will be linked with genetic closeness
D)younger members of extended kin will encourage older members to behave more altruistically toward collateral kin

Question 14

Which of the following is not a primitive of Doug Jones's proposed universal grammar which governs all kin classification systems?

A)genealogical distance
B)group membership
C)social rank
D)geographical distance

Question 15

Essock-Vitale and McGuire found that __________.

A)Los Angeles women were equally likely to report helping close kin and distal kin
B)Los Angeles women were more likely to report helping close kin than distal kin
C)acts of helping flow from younger to older more than from older to younger
D)Los Angeles men were less likely than women to bequeath their estate to more kin

Question 16

Using Hamilton's rule,__________.

A)a benefit given to a full sibling must be twice the costs to the actor for altruistic decision rules to evolve
B)a benefit given to a half sibling must be twice the costs to the actor for altruistic decision rules to evolve
C)a benefit given to a first cousin must be half the costs to the actor for altruistic decision rules to evolve
D)a benefit given to a first cousin must be four times the costs to the actor for altruistic decision rules to evolve

Question 17

An implication of inclusive fitness theory on familial relations is that __________.

A)younger members of extended kin will encourage elder members to behave more altruistically toward collateral kin
B)elder members of an extended kin family will encourage younger members to behave more altruistically toward collateral kin
C)kinship terms will maintain special connotation and will not be co-opted into use by non-kin
D)people somehow know exactly how genetically related they are to other individuals,even those they have just met

Question 18

The fact that only genes that code for traits that fulfill Hamilton's rule can spread throughout the population is also known as the __________.

A)evolvability stipulation
B)evolvability condition
C)evolvability restraint
D)evolvability constraint

Question 19

Which of the following is not a hypothesis offered to explain alarm calling in ground squirrels?

A)inclusive fitness hypothesis
B)predator confusion hypothesis
C)bait-and-Switch hypothesis
D)parental investment hypothesis

Question 20

Newborns who are breastfed __________.

A)prefer the scent of their father to that of their mother
B)prefer the scent of their father to other men
C)prefer the scent of their mother to other women
D)prefer the scent of non-related women to that of their father

Question 21

Korchmaros and Kenny identified ____________ as a psychological mediator of helping behavior among kin.

A)temperament
B)agreeableness
C)intelligence
D)emotional closeness

Question 22

Reasonable interpretations of findings from wills include all of the following except __________.

A)decision rules exist which are byproducts of parental mechanisms designed to operate earlier in the life of the parent
B)humans have evolved psychological mechanisms of resource allocation
C)evolved psychological mechanisms are sensitive to genetic relatedness
D)evolved psychological mechanisms operate on relatively recent types of resources: those accumulated over one's lifetime

Question 23

Gaulin,McBurney and Brakeman-Wartell found that ___________ invest more than ___________.

A)uncles;aunts
B)maternal aunts and uncles;paternal aunts and uncles
C)paternal aunts and uncles;maternal aunts and uncles
D)aunts and uncles;siblings

Question 24

Flinn's study of children's cortisol levels based on household composition revealed that children living with which of the following family units possessed the highest cortisol levels?

A)nuclear family with father absent over half the time
B)stepfather and half-siblings present
C)stepfather
D)single mother with other kin present

Question 25

Which grandparent's survival best predicted the survival of the grandchild,according to a study covering the years 1770-1861 in England?

A)paternal grandmothers
B)maternal grandfathers
C)paternal grandfathers
D)maternal grandmothers

Question 26

Which of the following models has been proposed to explain the evolution of families?

A)familial remuneration model
B)familial benefits model
C)ecological benefits model
D)ecological timing model

Question 27

Although rare,brothers do sometimes kill their brothers because that brother __________.

A)disgraced the family
B)engaged in or solicited incestuous relations
C)competed for the same woman
D)refused to introduce him to female friends

Question 28

Men who lose their wives are more likely than women who lose their husbands to __________.

A)use a previous spouse's resources to attract a new mate
B)use resources on additional offspring rather than on mutual children
C)both (a)and (b)
D)neither (a)nor (b)

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of emotional closeness among different levels of kin?

A)the person's sex
B)whether or not one has recently done a favor for that person
C)frequency of contact
D)psychological grief experienced when that person dies

Question 30

Altruism toward cousins should fall into which of the following patterns,according to inclusive fitness theory?

A)MoSis > FaSis,MoBro > FaBro
B)MoSis > FaBro > FaSis > MoBro
C)FaSis >MoSis,FaBro > MoBro
D)FaBro > FaSis,MoBro > MoSis

Question 31

Individuals maintain greater vigilance over the mating relationships of __________.

A)their peers compared to their kin
B)their distant kin compared to close kin
C)their paternal kin compared to their maternal kin
D)their female kin compared to male kin

Question 32

Bossong found that men were __________.

A)more likely than women to allocate resources to children
B)more likely to allocate resources to children than to spouses
C)more likely to allocate most resources to a spouse if she was of post-reproductive age
D)more likely to allocate most resources to a spouse if she was of reproductive age

Question 33

The death of a _________ child causes more grief than the death of a ___________ child.

A)younger;elder
B)female;male
C)healthy;sickly
D)sickly;healthy

Question 34

Smith,Kish and Crawford found that __________.

A)People leave more of their estate to non-kin than to kin
B)People leave more of their estate to offspring than to siblings
C)People leave more of their estate to siblings than to offspring
D)People leave more of their estate to brothers than to sisters

Question 35

Paternal grandfathers face _________ the chance of genetic relatedness being severed when compared to grandmothers.

A)half
B)three-quarters
C)double
D)triple

Question 36

Sibling conflicts stem from __________.

A)birth order differences
B)access to parental resources
C)inclusive fitness theory
D)the personality differences between siblings

Question 37

Ten-year-olds are helped less than ________-year-olds,despite the fact that ___________.

A)one;the ten-year-olds are higher in reproductive value
B)eighteen;ten-year-olds are lower in reproductive value
C)forty-five;ten-year-olds are lower in reproductive value
D)seventy-five;ten-year-olds are higher in reproductive value

Question 38

Parental conflict centers on __________.

A)how much parental investment each parent will give to the offspring within the family
B)how many children would be ideal for the pair
C)how much investment grandparents make in their offspring
D)why children do not resemble the father or his kin

Question 39

Based on certainty of relatedness to grandchildren,__________ should invest more than ___________.

A)paternal grandparents;maternal grandparents
B)maternal grandmothers;paternal grandfathers
C)paternal grandmothers;maternal grandfathers
D)maternal grandfathers;paternal grandmothers

Question 40

Discriminative grandparental investment __________.

A)should follow the degree of relational certainty inherent in the different types of grandparental relationships
B)means that grandparents should invest more when they are consciously certain of their genetic relatedness to grandchildren
C)does not follow patterns predicted by an evolutionary perspective and thus requires future work to further refine evolutionary hypotheses
D)has changed dramatically as a result of the modern circumstance of living distally from grandparents

Question 41

Recent studies on the effect of genetic relatedness on helping behavior have demonstrated that __________.

A)individuals help relatives more than friends and mates only when the cost of the help is very high
B)individuals help relatives more than friends and mates only when the cost of the help is very low
C)individuals are more altruistic to non-relatives than relatives,due to fear of retribution
D)individuals are most altruistic to relatives who are sickly or in need of much help

Question 42

The absent father hypothesis __________.

A)replaces the grandmother hypothesis
B)predicts that children will receive more care from their mother during menopause if their father is not present
C)proposes that menopause occurs because women tend to lose their mates,either to death or to a younger woman,after middle age
D)all of the above

Question 43

Studies that use masking methods on photographs have determined that __________.

A)people use facial averageness to make kinship determinations
B)people use facial symmetry to make kinship determinations
C)the top half of the face is particularly important for kinship detection
D)the bottom half of the face is particularly important for kinship detection

Question 44

Why would it be adaptive to be able to detect kinship between people you are not related to?

A)to detect which individuals will ally together based on kinship
B)to determine whether an individual is exploitable due to lack of nearby kin
C)to determine whether an individual is protected by kin
D)all of the above