Question 1

Burnstein and colleagues reason that helping should decrease as the genetic relatedness between helped and recipient decreases and argue that __________.
A)helping that is relatively trivial is a better test of the inclusive fitness hypothesis
B)inclusive fitness theory is the best of competing hypotheses for differences in helping behavior as a function of genetic relatedness
C)no other theory besides inclusive fitness hypothesis predicts a helping gradient that follows from the amount of genetic overlap
D)many theories in psychology predict a helping gradient that follows from the amount of genetic overlap

Accepted Answer

Burnstein and colleagues argue that the inclusive fitness hypothesis uniquely predicts a gradient of helping behavior that correlates with the degree of genetic overlap between individuals, distinguishing it from other theories which do not specifically predict this pattern.

Question 2

___________ score lower on measures of family solidarity and identity than ___________.
A)Firstborns;middleborns and lastborns
B)Lastborns;firstborns
C)Firstborns;middleborns
D)Middleborns;firstborns and lastborns

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that middleborns score lower on measures of family solidarity and identity compared to both firstborns and lastborns.

Question 3

Among ground squirrels,__________ were more likely than ___________ to cooperate in mutual defense of their offspring.
A)half brothers;full brothers
B)full brothers;half brothers
C)half sisters;full sisters
D)full sisters;half sisters

Accepted Answer

Full sisters are more likely to cooperate in mutual defense of their offspring due to higher genetic relatedness compared to half sisters.

Question 4

The grandmother hypothesis __________.
A)states that menopause evolved as a means of ceasing direct reproduction,to force women to invest in children and then grandchildren
B)states that grandmothers should invest more than grandfathers because of greater certainty of genetic relatedness to their grandchildren
C)has not been supported empirically
D)has been empirically documented only in Western cultures

Accepted Answer

The grandmother hypothesis proposes that menopause evolved as a means of ceasing direct reproduction, to force women to invest in children and then grandchildren.

Question 5

Of the three hypotheses that Sherman offered to explain calling in ground squirrels,the ______________ received the most empirical support.
A)inclusive fitness hypothesis
B)predator confusion hypothesis
C)bait-and-switch hypothesis
D)parental investment hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The inclusive fitness hypothesis received the most empirical support among the hypotheses offered by Sherman to explain calling in ground squirrels. This hypothesis suggests that the alarm calls benefit the caller by increasing the survival chances of genetically related individuals in the group, thus indirectly benefiting the caller's genetic representation in the population.

Question 6

Selection will favor adaptations for helping kin in proportion to ______________.
A)their past mate value
B)their genetic relatedness
C)how needy they are of financial aid
D)how long it takes that help to translate into fitness benefits

Accepted Answer

Kin selection theory predicts that selection will favor adaptations for helping kin in proportion to their genetic relatedness. This is because helping close kin can increase the likelihood of passing on shared genes, even if it comes at a cost to the individual performing the helping behavior. The other options (A, C, and D) are not as relevant to kin selection theory.

Question 7

Burnstein,Crandall,and Kitayama found that __________.
A)women recall more family members than men
B)helping is greater as a function of increased genetic relatedness and decreases in the reproductive value of the relative
C)helping is greater as a function of increased genetic relatedness and increases in the reproductive value of the relative
D)women are more helpful than men

Accepted Answer

Burnstein, Crandall, and Kitayama's research found that helping is greater as a function of increased genetic relatedness and increases in the reproductive value of the relative. This means that people are more likely to help family members who are genetically closer and have a higher reproductive value (i.e., ability to pass on genes). The study did not focus on gender differences in recall or helpfulness.

Question 8

Sulloway's theory predicts that __________.
A)firstborns will be more rebellious than laterborns
B)laterborns will be more conservative than firstborns
C)children will inhabit different niches depending on their birth order
D)children will compete for the same niches to signal their competitive abilities relative to their siblings

Accepted Answer

Sulloway's theory predicts that children will inhabit different niches depending on their birth order, meaning that each child will develop a unique personality and set of traits based on their position in the family. This is because each child will have to compete for attention and resources within the family, pushing them to develop different characteristics and strategies for success.

Question 9

Hamilton's rule specifies __________.
A)the conditions under which mechanisms favoring altruism can evolve
B)the conditions under which mechanisms favoring altruism cannot evolve
C)both (a)and (b)
D)neither (a)nor (b)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hamilton's rule specifies __________.
A)the conditions under which...

Question 10

Hamilton's rule states that __________. A)r < cb B)b > cr C)c > rb D)c < rb

Accepted Answer

Hamilton's rule states that an altruistic behavior is favored by natural selection if the cost to the actor (c) is less than the benefit to the recipient (b) multiplied by their genetic relatedness (r), which is expressed as c < rb.

Question 11

What is the adaptive value of distinguishing between different kin members in terms of their social rank?
A)It provides a means for identifying individuals from whom we are likely to receive altruism and those to whom we might channel our altruistic acts.
B)It allows us to identify those who are more capable of giving altruism and those who are more likely in need of altruism.
C)both (a)and (b)
D)neither (a)nor (b)

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the adaptive value of distinguishing...

Question 12

Which of the following statements about birth order is true?
A)Firstborns always receive the most parental investment in families with three or more children.
B)Middleborns end up receiving less total parental investment even if the parents divide their investment equally among all the children present in the household at a given time.
C)Lastborns always receive the least parental investment if the parents divide their investment equally among all the children present in the household at a given time.
D)Middleborns end up receiving more total parental investment,particularly if the parents divide their investment equally among all the children present in the household at a given time.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that middleborns tend to receive less total parental investment compared to both firstborns and lastborns, even if the parents divide their investment equally among all the children present in the household at a given time. This is known as the "resource dilution model," and it suggests that parents may have fewer resources (e.g. time, money, attention) to invest in their middle children as they may have other family responsibilities like taking care of older or younger siblings.

Question 13

Daly,Salmon,and Wilson state that in all societies __________.
A)kin will be classified in reference to the peripheral individual
B)kin relationships will be arrayed on a dimension of closeness
C)cooperation between kin will be a function of their closeness and will be linked with genetic closeness
D)younger members of extended kin will encourage older members to behave more altruistically toward collateral kin

Accepted Answer

Daly, Salmon, and Wilson suggest that cooperation between kin is influenced by their closeness, which is often linked to genetic relatedness, as this affects the likelihood of altruistic behavior.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a primitive of Doug Jones's proposed universal grammar which governs all kin classification systems?
A)genealogical distance
B)group membership
C)social rank
D)geographical distance

Accepted Answer

Geographical distance is not a primitive of Doug Jones's proposed universal grammar.

Question 15

Essock-Vitale and McGuire found that __________.
A)Los Angeles women were equally likely to report helping close kin and distal kin
B)Los Angeles women were more likely to report helping close kin than distal kin
C)acts of helping flow from younger to older more than from older to younger
D)Los Angeles men were less likely than women to bequeath their estate to more kin

Accepted Answer

Essock-Vitale and McGuire found that Los Angeles women were more likely to report helping close kin than distal kin.

Question 16

Using Hamilton's rule,__________.
A)a benefit given to a full sibling must be twice the costs to the actor for altruistic decision rules to evolve
B)a benefit given to a half sibling must be twice the costs to the actor for altruistic decision rules to evolve
C)a benefit given to a first cousin must be half the costs to the actor for altruistic decision rules to evolve
D)a benefit given to a first cousin must be four times the costs to the actor for altruistic decision rules to evolve

Accepted Answer

Hamilton's rule states that altruism is favored when the genetic relatedness (r) times the benefit to the recipient (B) is greater than the cost to the actor (C), or rB > C. For full siblings, r = 0.5, so the benefit must be twice the cost for altruism to evolve.

Question 17

An implication of inclusive fitness theory on familial relations is that __________.
A)younger members of extended kin will encourage elder members to behave more altruistically toward collateral kin
B)elder members of an extended kin family will encourage younger members to behave more altruistically toward collateral kin
C)kinship terms will maintain special connotation and will not be co-opted into use by non-kin
D)people somehow know exactly how genetically related they are to other individuals,even those they have just met

Accepted Answer

Inclusive fitness theory suggests that individuals are more likely to behave altruistically toward kin, especially close kin, as they share genes with those individuals. As a result, elder members of an extended kin family may encourage younger members to behave more altruistically toward their collateral kin, as this can benefit the entire family's genetic fitness.

Question 18

The fact that only genes that code for traits that fulfill Hamilton's rule can spread throughout the population is also known as the __________.
A)evolvability stipulation
B)evolvability condition
C)evolvability restraint
D)evolvability constraint

Accepted Answer

Hamilton's rule is a principle in evolutionary biology that predicts when genes for altruistic behavior will spread through a population. The term "evolvability constraint" reflects the limitation on the spread of genes to those that fulfill the criteria of Hamilton's rule, which involves the cost and benefit of a trait and the genetic relatedness of the individuals involved.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a hypothesis offered to explain alarm calling in ground squirrels?
A)inclusive fitness hypothesis
B)predator confusion hypothesis
C)bait-and-Switch hypothesis
D)parental investment hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The inclusive fitness hypothesis proposes that alarm calling evolved because it benefits not only the individual making the call but also its related kin. The predator confusion hypothesis suggests that alarm calling makes it difficult for predators to locate individual prey due to the confusion generated by many squirrels calling at the same time. The parental investment hypothesis postulates that alarm calling evolved because it benefits the offspring of a calling individual. The bait-and-switch hypothesis is not a commonly offered hypothesis to explain alarm calling in ground squirrels.

Question 20

Newborns who are breastfed __________.
A)prefer the scent of their father to that of their mother
B)prefer the scent of their father to other men
C)prefer the scent of their mother to other women
D)prefer the scent of non-related women to that of their father

Accepted Answer

Newborns who are breastfed tend to prefer the scent of their mother to other women, as they are more familiar with their mother's scent due to frequent exposure during feeding. There is no evidence to suggest they prefer the scent of their father over their mother or other men. They also do not have a preference for non-related women over their father.

Quiz 8: Problems of Kinship

Burnstein and colleagues reason that helping should decrease as the genetic relatedness between helped and recipient decreases and argue that __________.

_ score lower on measures of family solidarity and identity than _.

Among ground squirrels, were more likely than _ to cooperate in mutual defense of their offspring.

The grandmother hypothesis __________.

Of the three hypotheses that Sherman offered to explain calling in ground squirrels,the ______________ received the most empirical support.

Selection will favor adaptations for helping kin in proportion to ______________.

Burnstein,Crandall,and Kitayama found that __________.

Sulloway's theory predicts that __________.

Hamilton's rule specifies __________.

Hamilton's rule states that __________.

What is the adaptive value of distinguishing between different kin members in terms of their social rank?

Which of the following statements about birth order is true?

Daly,Salmon,and Wilson state that in all societies __________.

Which of the following is not a primitive of Doug Jones's proposed universal grammar which governs all kin classification systems?

Essock-Vitale and McGuire found that __________.

Using Hamilton's rule,__________.

An implication of inclusive fitness theory on familial relations is that __________.

The fact that only genes that code for traits that fulfill Hamilton's rule can spread throughout the population is also known as the __________.

Which of the following is not a hypothesis offered to explain alarm calling in ground squirrels?

Newborns who are breastfed __________.