Question 1

Korchmaros and Kenny identified ____________ as a psychological mediator of helping behavior among kin.
A)temperament
B)agreeableness
C)intelligence
D)emotional closeness

Accepted Answer

Korchmaros and Kenny's research found that emotional closeness is a psychological mediator of helping behavior among kin, suggesting that people are more likely to help their family members when they feel emotionally close to them. Temperament, agreeableness, and intelligence were not identified as mediators in this particular study.

Question 2

Reasonable interpretations of findings from wills include all of the following except __________.
A)decision rules exist which are byproducts of parental mechanisms designed to operate earlier in the life of the parent
B)humans have evolved psychological mechanisms of resource allocation
C)evolved psychological mechanisms are sensitive to genetic relatedness
D)evolved psychological mechanisms operate on relatively recent types of resources: those accumulated over one's lifetime

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reasonable interpretations of findings from wills include...

Question 3

Gaulin,McBurney and Brakeman-Wartell found that ___________ invest more than ___________.
A)uncles;aunts
B)maternal aunts and uncles;paternal aunts and uncles
C)paternal aunts and uncles;maternal aunts and uncles
D)aunts and uncles;siblings

Accepted Answer

Gaulin, McBurney, and Brakeman-Wartell found that maternal aunts and uncles invest more in their nieces and nephews than paternal aunts and uncles.

Question 4

Flinn's study of children's cortisol levels based on household composition revealed that children living with which of the following family units possessed the highest cortisol levels?
A)nuclear family with father absent over half the time
B)stepfather and half-siblings present
C)stepfather
D)single mother with other kin present

Accepted Answer

According to Flinn's study, children living in households with a stepfather and half-siblings present had the highest cortisol levels. This may be due to the complexity and potential tension within blended families, which can create stress for children.

Question 5

Which grandparent's survival best predicted the survival of the grandchild,according to a study covering the years 1770-1861 in England?
A)paternal grandmothers
B)maternal grandfathers
C)paternal grandfathers
D)maternal grandmothers

Accepted Answer

According to the study, the survival of maternal grandmothers was the best predictor of the survival of the grandchild.

Question 6

Which of the following models has been proposed to explain the evolution of families?
A)familial remuneration model
B)familial benefits model
C)ecological benefits model
D)ecological timing model

Accepted Answer

The familial benefits model suggests that families evolve because of the benefits that individuals gain from living in a family group, such as increased survival and reproductive success.

Question 7

Although rare,brothers do sometimes kill their brothers because that brother __________.
A)disgraced the family
B)engaged in or solicited incestuous relations
C)competed for the same woman
D)refused to introduce him to female friends

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although rare,brothers do sometimes kill their brothers...

Question 8

Men who lose their wives are more likely than women who lose their husbands to __________.
A)use a previous spouse's resources to attract a new mate
B)use resources on additional offspring rather than on mutual children
C)both (a)and (b)
D)neither (a)nor (b)

Accepted Answer

Men who lose their wives may use a previous spouse's resources to attract a new mate and may also invest resources in additional offspring rather than mutual children, as these behaviors can be strategies to maximize reproductive success.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of emotional closeness among different levels of kin?
A)the person's sex
B)whether or not one has recently done a favor for that person
C)frequency of contact
D)psychological grief experienced when that person dies

Accepted Answer

The person's sex is not necessarily an indicator of emotional closeness among different levels of kin as this can vary based on a multitude of other factors such as shared experiences, cultural norms, and individual personalities. The other options - whether or not one has recently done a favor for that person, frequency of contact, and psychological grief experienced when that person dies - can all be indicators of emotional closeness.

Question 10

Altruism toward cousins should fall into which of the following patterns,according to inclusive fitness theory?
A)MoSis > FaSis,MoBro > FaBro
B)MoSis > FaBro > FaSis > MoBro
C)FaSis >MoSis,FaBro > MoBro
D)FaBro > FaSis,MoBro > MoSis

Accepted Answer

According to inclusive fitness theory, individuals are expected to show similar levels of altruism towards their maternal and paternal relatives because they share a similar proportion of genes with both sides. The theory does not predict a systematic difference in altruism between maternal and paternal relatives, making the other options incorrect.

Question 11

Individuals maintain greater vigilance over the mating relationships of __________.
A)their peers compared to their kin
B)their distant kin compared to close kin
C)their paternal kin compared to their maternal kin
D)their female kin compared to male kin

Accepted Answer

Individuals often maintain greater vigilance over the mating relationships of their female kin compared to male kin due to concerns about paternity certainty and the potential social and economic consequences of mating choices.

Question 12

Bossong found that men were __________.
A)more likely than women to allocate resources to children
B)more likely to allocate resources to children than to spouses
C)more likely to allocate most resources to a spouse if she was of post-reproductive age
D)more likely to allocate most resources to a spouse if she was of reproductive age

Accepted Answer

Bossong found that men were more likely to allocate most resources to a spouse if she was of post-reproductive age. This is because men are more likely to view post-reproductive women as being less valuable as potential mates, and therefore less deserving of resources.

Question 13

The death of a _________ child causes more grief than the death of a ___________ child.
A)younger;elder
B)female;male
C)healthy;sickly
D)sickly;healthy

Accepted Answer

The death of a healthy child is often more unexpected and shocking, leading to more intense grief compared to the death of a sickly child, which might be anticipated due to ongoing health issues.

Question 14

Smith,Kish and Crawford found that __________.
A)People leave more of their estate to non-kin than to kin
B)People leave more of their estate to offspring than to siblings
C)People leave more of their estate to siblings than to offspring
D)People leave more of their estate to brothers than to sisters

Accepted Answer

Smith, Kish, and Crawford found that people leave more of their estate to offspring than to siblings.

Question 15

Paternal grandfathers face _________ the chance of genetic relatedness being severed when compared to grandmothers.
A)half
B)three-quarters
C)double
D)triple

Accepted Answer

Paternal grandfathers face double the chance of genetic relatedness being severed when compared to grandmothers because of the possibility of non-paternity events (where the presumed father is not the biological father), which directly affects the paternal lineage.

Question 16

Sibling conflicts stem from __________.
A)birth order differences
B)access to parental resources
C)inclusive fitness theory
D)the personality differences between siblings

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sibling conflicts stem from __________.
A)birth order differences
B)access...

Question 17

Ten-year-olds are helped less than ________-year-olds,despite the fact that ___________.
A)one;the ten-year-olds are higher in reproductive value
B)eighteen;ten-year-olds are lower in reproductive value
C)forty-five;ten-year-olds are lower in reproductive value
D)seventy-five;ten-year-olds are higher in reproductive value

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ten-year-olds are helped less than ________-year-olds,despite the...

Question 18

Parental conflict centers on __________.
A)how much parental investment each parent will give to the offspring within the family
B)how many children would be ideal for the pair
C)how much investment grandparents make in their offspring
D)why children do not resemble the father or his kin

Accepted Answer

Parental conflict centers on how much parental investment each parent will give to the offspring within the family. This can include disagreements over how much time, money, and attention each parent should give to the children.

Question 19

Based on certainty of relatedness to grandchildren,__________ should invest more than ___________.
A)paternal grandparents;maternal grandparents
B)maternal grandmothers;paternal grandfathers
C)paternal grandmothers;maternal grandfathers
D)maternal grandfathers;paternal grandmothers

Accepted Answer

Maternal grandmothers are more certain of their genetic relatedness to their grandchildren due to the certainty of maternity, whereas paternal grandfathers have the least certainty due to paternity uncertainty. This concept is rooted in evolutionary biology and kinship certainty.

Question 20

Discriminative grandparental investment __________.
A)should follow the degree of relational certainty inherent in the different types of grandparental relationships
B)means that grandparents should invest more when they are consciously certain of their genetic relatedness to grandchildren
C)does not follow patterns predicted by an evolutionary perspective and thus requires future work to further refine evolutionary hypotheses
D)has changed dramatically as a result of the modern circumstance of living distally from grandparents

Accepted Answer

Discriminative grandparental investment should follow the degree of relational certainty inherent in the different types of grandparental relationships. This is because grandparents have varying degrees of genetic relatedness and investment opportunities with their grandchildren depending on the type of relationship (e.g., biological grandparent vs. step-grandparent).

Quiz 8: Problems of Kinship

Korchmaros and Kenny identified ____________ as a psychological mediator of helping behavior among kin.

Reasonable interpretations of findings from wills include all of the following except __________.

Gaulin,McBurney and Brakeman-Wartell found that _ invest more than _.

Flinn's study of children's cortisol levels based on household composition revealed that children living with which of the following family units possessed the highest cortisol levels?

Which grandparent's survival best predicted the survival of the grandchild,according to a study covering the years 1770-1861 in England?

Which of the following models has been proposed to explain the evolution of families?

Although rare,brothers do sometimes kill their brothers because that brother __________.

Men who lose their wives are more likely than women who lose their husbands to __________.

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of emotional closeness among different levels of kin?

Altruism toward cousins should fall into which of the following patterns,according to inclusive fitness theory?

Individuals maintain greater vigilance over the mating relationships of __________.

Bossong found that men were __________.

The death of a _ child causes more grief than the death of a ___ child.

Smith,Kish and Crawford found that __________.

Paternal grandfathers face _________ the chance of genetic relatedness being severed when compared to grandmothers.

Sibling conflicts stem from __________.

Ten-year-olds are helped less than -year-olds,despite the fact that ___.

Parental conflict centers on __________.

Based on certainty of relatedness to grandchildren, should invest more than _.

Discriminative grandparental investment __________.