Deck 16: Globalization in a Changing World

Question 1

According to the textbook, what role has the modern state played in the process of globalization?

A) It has encouraged protests.
B) It has sped up patterns of change in the modern world.
C) It has been less involved in social life and the economy.
D) It has stopped the movement of people through immigration policy.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Daniel Bell, the white-collar worker is the most essential type of employee in a(n):

A) technology society.
B) industrial society.
C) postindustrial society.
D) urban society.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In a postindustrial society, professionals such as lawyers, engineers, and computer programmers will become the leading groups in society because, according to Daniel Bell, they possess and disseminate what?

A) post-secondary degrees
B) a global value system
C) postindustrial identities
D) codified knowledge

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Jared Diamond argued that five factors contributed to the collapse of Rwandan society. Of these five factors, three are related to:

A) the environment.
B) the economy.
C) politics.
D) warfare.

Question 5

As the textbook notes, societies that keep written records are especially able to develop a sense of their societies' evolution, and this is connected to the pace of social change. This illustrates how social change is influenced by:

A) cultural factors.
B) political organization.
C) economic factors.
D) the physical environment.

Question 6

The fact that creationism is more likely to be taught in public schools located in more politically conservative districts is an example of the cultural prediction made by:

A) Karl Marx.
B) Mark Juergensmeyer.
C) Max Weber.
D) Jared Diamond.

Question 7

Samuel's father was laid off from his job at the automobile-part manufacturing plant after it closed. Samuel currently works at Starbucks, and he is going to night school at the local community college. Samuel's experience reflects the growth of which of the following?

A) service society
B) industrial society
C) knowledge society
D) consumption society

Question 8

The growth of jobs in the retail and food service sector and the decline in manufacturing jobs is referred to as:

A) service society.
B) industrial society.
C) information society.
D) low-wage society.

Question 9

The most far-reaching economic influence on social change has been:

A) the technology of the agrarian revolution.
B) the invention of the wheel.
C) industrial capitalism.
D) the invention of money.

Question 10

The manufacture of material goods is no longer the basis of production in many countries today. The basis of production in many places is now largely:

A) the consumption of material goods.
B) the development and dissemination of information and knowledge.
C) agriculture to meet increased food demand.
D) warfare to sustain economies that depend on war.

Question 11

In a knowledge-based economy, many industrial workers have been left unemployed and without the skills required to find good jobs. According to the textbook, this is due to:

A) new social problems, such as long-term unemployment.
B) new types of education, which are training workers for the knowledge economy.
C) long-standing employment patterns.
D) global trade and new forms of technology.

Question 12

The textbook defines social change as:

A) the transformation of the physical world.
B) the growing disputes over national boundaries around the world.
C) the transformation of the social institutions and culture of a society over time.
D) social order in social institutions.

Question 13

Capitalism stimulates social change in an unprecedented way because it:

A) involves the constant expansion of production.
B) involves ever-increasing equality.
C) promotes constant revision of the technology of production, which increasingly draws religion into the process.
D) grants workers the means of production.

Question 14

Consider a scenario in which a head of state is struggling to maintain her national political power in the face of increasingly deterritorialized economic power. According to the argument of sociologist William Robinson, her challenge in exerting leadership is largely driven by:

A) deindustrialization.
B) cultural diffusion.
C) postindustrial production.
D) globalization.

Question 15

The process of ________ means that people, organizations, and events around the world influence our lives.

A) globalization
B) social change
C) warfare
D) protesting

Question 16

Transformation of the social institutions and culture of a society over time is called:

A) forced change.
B) social continuation.
C) social change.
D) evolution.

Question 17

Which of the following is/are included in the cultural factors that might influence social change?

A) government
B) communication systems
C) health
D) corporations

Question 18

Globalization is:

A) rapidly diminishing how much humans interact.
B) the development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide.
C) the expansion of a global economy.
D) the movement toward global equality.

Question 19

Some sociologists, such as Mark Juergensmeyer, believe that the biggest cultural conflicts in the twenty-first century will be between those who believe that truth is derived from ________ versus those who believe it is derived from ________.

A) religious faith; science
B) religious faith; political leadership
C) political leadership; science
D) the modern state; religious faith

Question 20

Jared Diamond's explanation of the collapse of Rwandan society is criticized for placing too much emphasis on ________ at the expense of other factors.

A) ethnic tensions.
B) cultural and political explanations
C) the importance of the environment
D) the government.

Question 21

Some social movements arise in defense of the status quo. One example is the "bathroom bill" that has responded to the transgender equity movement by attempting to prevent people from using public bathrooms that don't correspond to their biological sex. This is an example of a(n):

A) countermovement.
B) traditional movement.
C) conservative movement.
D) new social movement.

Question 22

According to Charles Tilly, which of the following is a component of collective action?

A) atomization
B) mobilization
C) federal funding
D) physical appearance

Question 23

According to Neil Smelser, social movements are motivated by:

A) political breakdown.
B) clashes of goals.
C) an inspirational leader.
D) a response to social conditions.

Question 24

Alain Touraine's concept of historicity in reference to social movements means:

A) one must understand the past of urban areas to understand the present.
B) there are more social movements in the modern world because individuals and groups know that social activism can achieve social goals and reshape society.
C) older societies are more likely to have social movements than younger ones.
D) social movements are less likely to exist in the present moment.

Question 25

A postindustrial society is one based on the production of ________ rather than material goods.

A) information
B) food
C) services
D) financial goods

Question 26

The belief that society is constantly in flux and that no grand narrative guides society is called:

A) postindustrialism.
B) postmodernism.
C) historicity.
D) postculturalism.

Question 27

According to Alain Touraine's theory of social movements, the connections between a social movement and the forces or influences opposing it are referred to as:

A) network conflict.
B) mutual compromise.
C) the field of action.
D) social movement institutionalization.

Question 28

According to the textbook, many contemporary social movements, such as the Arab Spring, rely heavily on:

A) information technology.
B) unions.
C) riots.
D) violence.

Question 29

James Davies argues that relative deprivation, not absolute deprivation, is what motivates revolution. Relative deprivation is the discrepancy between:

A) those who believe society should be guided by religious faith and those who believe that capitalism should be the focus.
B) workers and those who own the means of production.
C) the educated and those with fewer skills.
D) the lives people are forced to lead and what they think could realistically be achieved.

Question 30

Participation in new social movements is seen as ________ whereby participants make a statement about who they are.

A) goal-oriented
B) moral expression
C) personal expression
D) expressive logic

Question 31

According to some, mobilization is one of the main factors of collective action. Mobilization is:

A) the ways in which the message of social protests spreads.
B) a type of social protest.
C) the size of a crowd.
D) the ways in which a group acquires sufficient resources to make collective action possible.

Question 32

Consider a community that has elected a leader who has promised the revitalization of a declining employment sector. At first, there are some improvements in living conditions, and the citizens have been inspired and expect improvements in their lives. However, if those improvements slow down, the community may become frustrated and begin to revolt against this new leader. This dynamic is referred to as:

A) relative deprivation.
B) absolute deprivation.
C) economic deprivation.
D) political deprivation.

Question 33

A collective attempt to further a common interest or secure a common goal through action outside the sphere of established institutions is:

A) a social movement.
B) collective behavior.
C) a riot.
D) a revolution.

Question 34

According to Alain Touraine's theory of social movements, the reason there are more social movements in the modern world is because:

A) social movements are irrational responses to social injustices.
B) individuals and groups believe that social movements are an effective way to reshape society.
C) people can communicate more easily with the Internet.
D) social movements almost always become institutionalized.

Question 35

Which of the following might be labeled a new social movement rather than a conventional social movement?

A) union movement
B) gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender movement
C) democracy movement
D) prohibition movement

Question 36

Seen as a unique product of late modern society, ________ differ significantly in methods, motivations, and orientations from the collective action of earlier times.

A) postindustrial social movements
B) postmodern social movements
C) civil society goals
D) new social movements

Question 37

What would be an example of a precipitating factor in Neil Smelser's theory of social movements?

A) Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi setting himself on fire in protest of the local police confiscating his wares
B) demonstration and riots in Tunisia
C) the spread of social movements labeled the Arab Spring
D) the overthrow of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi

Question 38

According to Karl Marx, the primary source of conflict that leads to revolution is:

A) change in the forces of production.
B) change in the minds of the bourgeoisie.
C) change in the minds of the proletariat.
D) change in the political system.

Question 39

The textbook notes the importance of the Internet for connecting people and ideas in ways that facilitate social movements. Applying this to Neil Smelser's six conditions underlying collective action, the availability of and access to the Internet would be an example of which condition?

A) structural strain
B) structural conduciveness
C) generalized beliefs
D) precipitating factors

Question 40

Samantha would like to stay informed about local, national, and global current events but is having difficulty filtering through the multitude of ideas and values reflected in the countless images and stories she finds on social media sites. This is a challenge characteristic of:

A) a postconsumer era.
B) a postindustrial era.
C) a postmodern era.
D) a postscience era.

Question 41

Transnational corporations account for ________ of all world trade.

A) two-thirds
B) one-third
C) half
D) nine-tenths

Question 42

According to the textbook, among the most significant political causes of globalization was:

A) the development of a socialist alternative to the capitalist world market.
B) the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as a response to Western political influence in the Arab world.
C) the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the end of isolation for the former second world.
D) the influx of Syrian immigrants into Europe.

Question 43

According to the textbook, in terms of people's working lives, globalization makes it more likely that an individual will experience:

A) a labor market that values skills in manual labor.
B) a career in the manufacturing industry.
C) working for one company over the course of his or her life.
D) a self-made career path, with several employment changes over his or her lifetime.

Question 44

Which perspective in the globalization debate argues that regionalization within the world economy produces less integration and that national governments continue to play a vital role in the economy?

A) the skeptics
B) the hyperglobalizers
C) the transformationalists
D) the critics

Question 45

Which perspective on globalization, exemplified by Kenichi Ohmae, argues that globalization is producing a borderless world in which national governments are no longer in control of their own economies?

A) the skeptics
B) the hyperglobalizers
C) the transformationalists
D) the critics

Question 46

According to the textbook, the United Nations (UN) is an international organization that:

A) is a pioneering form of transnational governance.
B) is challenged by the difficulty of acquiring agreement from enough nations to pursue action.
C) has grown in its international influence over the last two decades.
D) is challenged by the economic slowdown of its member nations.

Question 47

In recent years, participants in social movements have shown an ability to do something that is particularly worrisome to oppressive governments. This is the ability to:

A) develop charismatic leadership.
B) coordinate international political campaigns by using the Internet.
C) make phone calls to their elected representatives.
D) charter buses to transport demonstrators to rallies.

Question 48

According to the transformationalist perspective on globalization, the political structures of countries are adapting to challenges from:

A) new forms of economic and social organization.
B) a declining world economy.
C) resistant citizens.
D) terrorist organizations.

Question 49

According to globalization skeptics, compared with patterns of trade a century ago:

A) the world economy has not changed much.
B) the world economy is more global and less regionalized.
C) the world economy is less global and more regionalized.
D) there is less trade because there are too many types of currency.

Question 50

Which of the following perspectives on globalization believes that globalization is challenging the power of nation-states?

A) the hyperglobalizers
B) the transformationalists
C) the skeptics
D) the believers

Question 51

According to transformationalists, globalization is a dynamic and open process that is subject to influence and change. Which attribute is associated with this view?

A) Globalization is a one-way flow of images, information, and influences.
B) Globalization is a decentered and self-aware process characterized by links and cultural flows that work in a multidimensional way.
C) We live in a state-centric world; governments must adopt a more active, inward-looking stance because of the process of globalization.
D) Information takes longer to travel across space and time.

Question 52

The rapid development and diffusion of ________ technologies, which have enhanced the so-called compression of time and space, have made the biggest contribution to accelerating and deepening the process of globalization.

A) communication
B) transportation
C) manufacturing
D) accounting

Question 53

Which of the following is the best example of a transnational corporation?

A) a software company in Silicon Valley that employs about two hundred people from around the United States, using telecommuting technology
B) College Cleaners, a janitorial service that cleans university buildings
C) Gooden, Brogan, Cangas, and Romero, a law firm with two thousand employees in three countries
D) a clothing company in India that exports much of its product internationally

Question 54

According to the textbook, the government of which country attempted to control the flow of Internet-based information to citizens by creating the "Great Firewall"?

A) Egypt
B) Syria
C) China
D) Korea

Question 55

The growing influence of ________ has/have been among the political changes contributing to the intensification of globalization.

A) local mechanisms of government
B) national identity
C) international nongovernmental organizations
D) family

Question 56

Which perspective in the globalization debate takes a middle position and sees many old patterns persisting while the broader global order is transforming in a dynamic process that is open to influence and change?

A) the skeptics
B) the hyperglobalizers
C) the critics
D) the transformationalists

Question 57

New social movements are at the heart of ________, the sphere between the state and the marketplace occupied by family, community associations, and other noneconomic institutions.

A) civil society
B) structural strain
C) institutional control
D) social mobilization

Question 58

American society has a strong set of noneconomic institutions, and most people socialize and interact in spaces that are structured by family, community associations, and schools. Therefore, according to sociologists, American society has a strong:

A) antimarket belief system.
B) civil society.
C) institutional control structure.
D) protest culture.

Question 59

According to the textbook, globalization is being driven by the integration of the world economy, which is now dominated by weightless activity. This weightless economy is one in which products have their basis in:

A) the Internet.
B) service.
C) information.
D) consumption.

Question 60

Jon and Huong are friends attending college in different states. They keep in contact through e-mail, texting, and social networking websites. Based on this example, technology has the capacity to do what?

A) overcome cultural differences
B) link economic and cultural gains
C) overcome the move toward the service economy
D) compress time and space

Question 61

Consider Smelser's Structural Strain framework for understanding the origins of collective action. Describe and contrast structural strain and generalized beliefs and ideologies, explaining how each factor might contribute to the likelihood of collective action.

Question 62

According to Ulrich Beck, globalization brings about a "risk society." Explain a "risk society" and the kinds of risks that are being "manufactured." What specific risks are you most concerned about? Why?

Question 63

What are the four major influences on social change in modern history? Which of these influences do you think has the largest impact on social change today? Use examples to support your answer.

Question 64

In the past, humans experienced famine and floods, or ________; today, because of globalization, humans now face ________ created by the effects of our own knowledge and technology on the natural world.

A) external risk; manufactured risk
B) manufactured risk; external risk
C) natural risk; manufactured risk
D) hyper-risk; manufactured risk

Question 65

The increased risk of skin cancer is a manufactured risk that likely relates to:

A) people not wearing enough sunscreen.
B) chemicals in common household products.
C) the depletion of the ozone layer.
D) changing beauty norms.

Question 66

How would you best describe the gap in economic growth between the poorest and the richest countries?

A) Technological changes have allowed the poorest countries to catch up to their wealthier neighbors.
B) The disparity between the developed world and the developing world widened steadily over the twentieth century and is now the largest it has ever been.
C) The gap between the world's richest and poorest countries has narrowed significantly in the past twenty-five years.
D) The increase in international trade has made the gap between the richest and poorest countries almost disappear.

Question 67

According to Daniel Bell, we are entering a phase of development beyond the industrial era called the postindustrial society. Discuss the changes that have brought about a postindustrial society and what characterizes such a society.

Question 68

According to a 2014 report by Oxfam International, almost ________ of the world's wealth is currently owned by just ________ of the population.

A) 50 percent; 1 percent
B) 70 percent; 1 percent
C) 10 percent; 10 percent
D) 50 percent; 50 percent

Question 69

Which of the following would be considered a manufactured risk, according to German sociologist Ulrich Beck?

A) Florida being pummeled with four hurricanes in 2004
B) the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear disaster in Pennsylvania
C) the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina
D) the toxic gases released by the eruption of Washington State's Mount St. Helens in 1980 and 2004

Question 70

Discuss the cultural impacts of globalization. Do you think these are more a matter of "cultural imperialism" or "fragmentation of cultural forms"? Justify your position.

Question 71

According to Charles Tilly's model, what are the four main components of collective action? Provide detailed examples of each component to fully illustrate your understanding of Tilly's model.

Question 72

Globalization is an uneven process, and because of this, the disparity between the developed world and the developing world is:

A) greater than ever.
B) decreasing rapidly.
C) growing but is still less than it was in the nineteenth century.
D) slowly shrinking.

Question 73

According to postmodernists, there is "no such thing as history." What do they mean by this statement? Do you agree or disagree with their view of globalization?

Question 74

According to the textbook, those who are critical of the World Trade Organization claim it is:

A) overly democratic.
B) less concerned with corporate profits than human rights.
C) dominated by the United States.
D) decentralized.

Question 75

Explain how information technology and the flow of information play a role in propelling the process of globalization.

Question 76

Globalization has made it more likely that people will work from home with information technology, share jobs with other employees, work on short-term consulting projects, and work in a system of flextime. All of these are examples of how globalization has:

A) dissolved standard patterns of full-time work.
B) increased gender equity of pay by making it easier to combine paid work and family work.
C) made full-time work more likely for those without a college degree.
D) increased pay inequality between racial-ethnic groups.

Question 77

A developing nation-state with relatively little global political power is growing increasingly concerned with the political climate of a more powerful, highly developed nation-state because, in an era of globalization, the decisions of this more powerful nation-state will likely affect the future of the citizens in both countries. This is an example of what Ulrich Beck calls:

A) manufactured risk.
B) risk society.
C) external risk.
D) shared risk.

Question 78

Compare and contrast the three schools of thought in the globalization debate. Which position do you find most compelling? Why?

Question 79

What role do social movements play in social change? Using the Arab Spring as an example, explain how globalization has affected social movements.

Question 80

Some sociologists worry that globalization is leading to the creation of a global culture in which the values of the most powerful and affluent overwhelm the strength of local customs and tradition. This process is called:

A) hyperglobalization.
B) cultural imperialism.
C) Westernization.
D) differentiation.