Deck 5: Consciousness

Question 1

Which of the following is the most common and widely recognized sleep problem: ?

A) sleep Sleep apnea
B) insomnia Insomnia
C) sleepSleep-state misperception
D) somnambulism Somnambulism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Repeated use of drugs over a period of time can result in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect. This condition is known as:

A) addiction.
B) dependence.
C) withdrawal.
D) tolerance.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Drugs that are best known for their ability to alter normal visual and auditory perceptions are called _____.

A) hallucinogens
B) narcotics
C) psychoactive drugs
D) stimulants

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Hypnosis is best thought of as:

A) a trance.
B) a state of increased suggestibility.
C) mind control.
D) a myth.

Question 5

Which of the following statements supports the "preservation and protection" hypothesis of sleep?

A) People tend to require more sleep after a hard day of work.
B) Sleep deprivation can lead to impaired cognitive abilities.
C) Jet lag is usually worse when traveling east than it is when traveling west.
D) Many small animals sleep during the day, when they could be easily seen by a predator.

Question 6

What is one neurological explanation offered for déjà vu?

A) Visual information may be processed in two brain regions, albeit slightly faster in one area than in the other.
B) There is a déjà vu center in the brain.
C) Déjà vu occurs when the brain waves recorded from two regions of the brain are similar.
D) Déjà vu occurs only in people who have problems with temporal lobe functioning.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about the use of hypnosis to recover memories?

A) It is generally ineffective, but poses no risks and is harmless.
B) Research has shown hypnosis to be an effective way to recover memories.
C) Research indicates that hypnosis does not work in terms of memory recovery, and that it can potentially create false memories.
D) While some debate persists regarding the technique's effectiveness, most U.S. courts accept testimony obtained from a person who is placed under hypnosis.

Question 8

Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm.

A) infradian
B) circadian
C) diurnal
D) ultradian

Question 9

Which of the following states refers to the experience of being completely aware of one's surroundings, focused and in control of mental processes?

A) déjà Déjà vu
B) hypnotizedHypnotized
C) intoxicatedIntoxicated
D) meditativeMeditative

Question 10

Déjà vu is the experience of:

A) having been in a situation that is impossible or unlikely to have previously occurred.
B) forgetting from a previous perception.
C) failing to perceive the obvious.
D) being somewhere familiar but not remembering it.

Question 11

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

A) thinking
B) cognition
C) conscience
D) consciousness

Question 12

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ___________ cycle.

A) infradian
B) circadian
C) diurnal
D) ultradian

Question 13

Which of the following definitions accurately describes the state of coma?

A) A prolonged state of consciousness similar to non-REM sleep
B) A state marked by a complete loss of consciousness
C) A disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviors that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis
D) A state of minimal consciousness, where the patient's eyes may be open, and he or she experiences a sleep-wake cycle

Question 14

A circadian cycle is about ______ hours long.

A) 1.5
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24

Question 15

A sleep disorder marked by sudden drowsiness and sleepiness is referred to as ____.

A) somnambulism.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep-state misperception.
D) insomnia.

Question 16

Large, periodic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are known as _____.

A) beta waves
B) sleep spindles
C) delta waves
D) alpha waves

Question 17

Opiates create their euphoric effects by stimulating receptors for:

A) GABA.
B) Endorphins.
C) anandamide.
D) dopamine.

Question 18

Carmella tells her friend that last night she dreamed she was asking her boss for a promotion. If Carmella's friend believes in the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, which of the following is she likely to say about the dream?

A) "The latent content of the dream is more important than the manifest content."
B) "The dream is the result of random activity in the brain and has no deep symbolic meaning."
C) "The dream indicates that your brain is trying to figure out how to get you promoted."
D) "The dream is your brain's way of forming new memories."

Question 19

REM sleep is sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep because:

A) the more sleep deprived a person is, the less REM sleep she experiences.
B) REM sleep is not really a sleep stage.
C) electrical activity in the brain completely shuts down during REM sleep.
D) EEG activity in the brain during REM is similar to EEG activity during an awake state.

Question 20

A person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness is called

A) intelligence.
B) consciousness.
C) mindfulness.
D) creativity.

Question 21

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A) thalamus
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) hypothalamus

Question 22

Which is the stage of sleep from which you would be most easily awakened?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 23

While college students may sometimes be an exception, most humans sleep at night and are awake during the day. What maintains this relationship?

A) The eye relays messages to the brain about light levels, which synchronizes the circadian rhythms to the day-night cycle.
B) People get more exercise during daylight, which promotes alertness and wakefulness.
C) Ambient air temperature is cooler at night, which triggers the body to sleep.
D) Our internal biological clock is synchronized with the day-night cycle when we are born.

Question 24

Brain activity during sleep

A) is relatively uniform, and does not change throughout the night.
B) is very similar to activity during the waking state.
C) is almost nonexistent.
D) is correlated with changes in muscle tension, breathing, and other physiological responses.

Question 25

Emily is currently in Stage 1 sleep. This means she is

A) experiencing theta waves and light sleep.
B) experiencing delta waves and walking in her sleep.
C) relaxed but awake.
D) hard to rouse and her muscles are completely relaxed.

Question 26

During which sleep stage do sleep spindles first occur?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 27

Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during Stage 2 sleep are called

A) delta waves.
B) sleep spindles.
C) paradoxical sleep waves.
D) beta waves.

Question 28

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A) We require more sleep as we age.
B) As we age, we tend to need less sleep.
C) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D) The amount of sleep we require does not follow a consistent pattern as we age.

Question 29

SCN stands for

A) stop control now.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) serotonin controlled nucleus.
D) sleep control nucleus.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of circadian rhythms?

A) They are artificial inventions of timekeepers.
B) They are internally driven cycles.
C) They are sequences of events that occur once a month.
D) They occur on the same schedule regardless of the changes from day to night.

Question 31

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A) electromyogram (EMG)
B) electrocardiogram (EKG)
C) electro-oculogram (EOG)
D) electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 32

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the

A) morning.
B) early evening.
C) afternoon.
D) night.

Question 33

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then
Enters the first stage of sleep?

A) alpha eventually replaced by delta
B) delta eventually replaced by theta
C) alpha eventually replaced by theta
D) delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 34

Yusef spends a night at a sleep clinic. The technicians at the clinic hook Yusef up to sensors to measure respiration, body temperature, muscle movements, and brain activity while he sleeps. What technique is the clinic using to study Yusef's sleep pattern?

A) positive sleep state analysis (PSSA)
B) somnambulism
C) polysomnography
D) biofeedback

Question 35

_______________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

A) Norepinephrine
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Melatonin

Question 36

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the

A) optical nerve.
B) substantia nigra
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D) median forebrain bundle.

Question 37

Emilio is currently in Stage 2 sleep. This means his EEG is showing __________ waves.

A) only delta
B) occasional delta
C) occasional bursts of rapid, high-peaking
D) only small, irregular

Question 38

Melatonin treatments have been useful in the treatment of

A) adolescents showing extreme delays in the onset of puberty.
B) survivors of trauma that experience persistent flashbacks of the terror.
C) depressed individuals who are in need of increased blood-sugar levels.
D) disturbed sleep-wake cycles in blind people who lack light perception.

Question 39

Kendra is on a camping trip with several generations of her family. One night, the group decides to wake up the next morning at first light and go on a long dawn hike. If the sleep habits of her family members are typical for their ages, what should happen on the morning of the hike?

A) The middle-aged adults will be groggier and less alert than the teenagers.
B) The middle-aged adults will be more alert and function better than the teenagers.
C) The youngest children in the group will be the most alert because they require the least amount of sleep.
D) Everyone will be equally alert, regardless of age.

Question 40

What is the primary stimulus that regulates the "biological clock" which controls circadian rhythms?

A) light
B) taste
C) smell
D) touch

Question 41

Steve is currently undergoing psychoanalysis. His therapist asks him to write down everything he remembers about his dreams upon awakening. According to Freud's theory of dreaming, Steve is writing about the __________ content of his dreams.

A) latent
B) patent
C) manifest
D) marginal

Question 42

Summer and Freddy are walking through the woods late at night. "It's so dark out here, we could walk over a cliff without even knowing it or get attacked by a bear!" says Freddy, "We should be asleep in bed instead of walking around at night." Freddy's comment reflects the logic behind which explanation of why we sleep?

A) activation-synthesis
B) preserve and protect
C) restore and repair
D) problem-solving

Question 43

Maxine is currently sleeping. She is continuing to experience delta waves and she is very hard to rouse. Maxine is in __________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 4
D) REM

Question 44

According to this hypothesis, sleep is necessary for fixing the wear and tear caused to the body during the day.

A) restore and repair
B) activation-synthesis
C) preserve and protect
D) problem-solving

Question 45

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _____________ minutes or so.

A) 30-40
B) 90-100
C) 150-160
D) 210-220

Question 46

Dr. Sanchez is a psychoanalyst who is interested in analyzing dreams using Freud's perspective. As a psychoanalyst, he focuses on interpreting the __________ content of his clients' dreams in an attempt to understand their unconscious wishes and thoughts that may be expressed symbolically in their dreams.

A) latent
B) patent
C) manifest
D) marginal

Question 47

The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) REM
D) Stage 4

Question 48

Which of the following statements supports the "preserve and protect" hypothesis of sleep?

A) People tend to require more sleep after a hard day of work.
B) Sleep deprivation can lead to impaired cognitive abilities.
C) Jet lag is usually worse when traveling east than it is when traveling west.
D) Many small animals sleep during the day, when they could be easily seen by a predator.

Question 49

What term do sleep researchers use to designate Stages 1-4 of sleep?

A) REM sleep
B) Non-REM sleep
C) REMN sleep
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 50

Kendra stays up all night partying with her friends. Based on sleep deprivation research, what is she likely to experience the next day?

A) normal levels or wakefulness.
B) sleepiness for the entire day.
C) periods of sleepiness and periods of normal wakefulness.
D) severe cognitive impairment for the entire day.

Question 51

According to Freud, the visible, or directly observable, content of a dream is its __________ content.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 52

Marsha is a participant in a sleep study. After about 30 minutes of sleep, she enters Stage 4. What are the researchers most likely to observe when studying Marsha during this period?

A) slow, rolling eye movements
B) reports of vivid, unrealistic dreams if Marsha is awakened
C) slow brain waves called delta waves
D) fast, brain waves called alpha waves

Question 53

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he

A) takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B) drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C) did not sleep much last night.
D) slept more than 8 hours last night.

Question 54

Which explanation of why we sleep would predict that long-term sleep deprivation would cause cognitive declines and physical problems, such as an impaired immune system?

A) preserve and protect
B) activation-synthesis
C) restore and repair
D) problem-solving

Question 55

People in Stage 4 sleep

A) dream all the time.
B) are hard to wake up.
C) are easy to wake up.
D) hallucinate.

Question 56

A person who gets very little sleep one night is likely to spend an increased amount in ____________ sleep, relative to the other stages, the following night.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 4
D) REM phase

Question 57

The discomfort one feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness result from disrupting:

A) REM rebound
B) circadian rhythms
C) Sleep displacement
D) Sleep state misperception

Question 58

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because:

A) the brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive.
B) the body is very active and restless, but the brain is very inactive.
C) the eyes are open, though the person remains asleep.
D) colorful dreams occur, in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.

Question 59

Freud called the hidden meaning of a dream its __________ content.

A) surface
B) manifest
C) unconscious
D) latent

Question 60

Jet lag is typically the worst when traveling

A) north.
B) south.
C) east.
D) west.

Question 61

According to Sigmund Freud, the important underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the

A) deep content.
B) latent content.
C) manifest content.
D) subliminal content.

Question 62

Which approach to explaining dreams is best supported by the fact that students who are worried about getting a good grade in a class often have recurring dream of running out of time on exams, oversleeping and missing class, or suddenly realizing that a paper deadline was just missed?

A) psychoanalytic
B) neurocognitive hypothesis
C) latent-dream theory
D) activation synthesis

Question 63

The best adjectives associated with the activation-synthesis hypothesis are:

A) bizarre, meaningless, and random.
B) unconscious, symbolic, and meaningful.
C) meaningful, problem oriented, and historical.
D) intelligent, free, and neurotic.

Question 64

The dream theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake is most closely associated with

A) neurocognitive hypothesis.
B) cognitive-dream theory.
C) psychoanalytic approach.
D) activation-synthesis hypothesis.

Question 65

During which part of sleep are you most likely to dream?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) REM sleep

Question 66

If Alice's strange adventures in Wonderland were actually the dreams of a young girl, they probably occurred when she was in __________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 4
D) REM

Question 67

The explanation of dreaming that places the LEAST importance on the underlying meaning of dreams is the ____________ approach.

A) problem-solving
B) psychoanalytic
C) Freudian
D) activation-synthesis

Question 68

A diagnosis of insomnia is based primarily on which of the following?

A) the number of hours of sleep on an average night
B) a polysomnogram recording
C) the degree to which a person feels rested during the day
D) a blood analysis

Question 69

The activation-synthesis theory proposes that

A) the brain tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives.
B) the cortex is inactive during dreaming, so dreaming is completely controlled by the brainstem.
C) the activity in the brainstem constructs or synthesizes dream narratives.
D) dreams are active attempts to synthesize solutions to problems.

Question 70

Cory is in therapy due to trauma he experienced as a child. His Freudian-trained therapist regularly asks him about his dreams. The therapist is interested in his dreams

A) in order to gain insight into his motives, desires, and conflicts of which he is unaware.
B) because he wants to understand Cory's random brainstem signals.
C) in order to help him resolve current concerns and problems he is consciously aware of.
D) as a way to help him eliminate or strengthen neural connections.

Question 71

Manifest content is to latent content as

A) obvious is to symbolic.
B) wish is to fulfillment.
C) symbolic is to obvious.
D) unconscious is to conscious.

Question 72

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that

A) the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes and urges.
B) there is no purpose to dreaming; dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
C) the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems that we are conscious of.
D) dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Question 73

The neurocognitive hypothesis of dreaming suggests that

A) the symbols and metaphors in a dream disguise a person's true unresolved problems.
B) dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems.
C) there is no purpose to dreaming; dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
D) we are more likely to dream about good things that happen to us than about our problems.

Question 74

Brain-based observations of dreaming could be best described as an "intensified" version of ____________.

A) psychoanalytic thinking
B) mind wandering
C) circadian rhythms
D) activation-awareness

Question 75

Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.

A) latent; manifest
B) manifest; latent
C) manifest; sublimated
D) metaphorical; denotative

Question 76

According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the

A) limbic system.
B) cortex.
C) thalamus.
D) brainstem.

Question 77

The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming states that

A) the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts.
B) there is no purpose to dreaming, dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
C) the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems.
D) dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Question 78

Which approach to dreaming suggests that our dreams are simply a modification of the thinking that occurs when we are awake?

A) the neurocognitive approach
B) the psychoanalytic approach
C) the lucid dreaming approach
D) the activation-synthesis approach

Question 79

Insomnia affects about _______________ of the U.S. population..

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 35 percent

Question 80

This dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes and urges.

A) problem solving
B) cognitive
C) psychoanalytic
D) activation-synthesis