Question 1

Which of the following is the most common and widely recognized sleep problem: ?

Accepted Answer

Insomnia is the most common and widely recognized sleep problem, affecting approximately one-third of adults at some point in their lives. Sleep apnea, sleep-state misperception, and somnambulism are all sleep disorders but they are less common than insomnia.

Question 2

Repeated use of drugs over a period of time can result in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect. This condition is known as:

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the condition in which repeated use of drugs over a period of time can result in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect. This means that the body has adapted to the drug and requires more of it to achieve the same effect. Addiction is a complex condition characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Dependence is a state in which the body has adapted to a drug and needs it to function normally. Withdrawal is the unpleasant symptoms that occur when a drug is stopped or reduced after regular use.

Question 3

Drugs that are best known for their ability to alter normal visual and auditory perceptions are called _____.

Accepted Answer

Hallucinogens, such as LSD and psilocybin, are drugs that can cause vivid sensory experiences, including visual and auditory hallucinations. Narcotics, such as opioids, primarily affect pain perception. Psychoactive drugs and stimulants can have a variety of effects on mood, behavior, and cognition, but they are not typically associated with altered perceptions in the same way that hallucinogens are.

Question 4

Hypnosis is best thought of as:

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis is a psychological state characterized by increased suggestibility, relaxation, and heightened focus. While it may be described as a trance-like state, it is not mind control or a myth.

Question 5

Which of the following statements supports the "preservation and protection" hypothesis of sleep?

Accepted Answer

The fact that many small animals sleep during the day, when they could be easily seen by a predator, supports the preservation and protection hypothesis of sleep. It suggests that sleep serves as a way for these animals to avoid danger and conserve energy during times when they are most vulnerable.

Question 6

What is one neurological explanation offered for déjà vu?

Accepted Answer

Visual information may be processed in two brain regions, albeit slightly faster in one area than in the other.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about the use of hypnosis to recover memories?

Accepted Answer

Research has indicated that the use of hypnosis to recover memories is ineffective and can potentially create false memories. It is not considered a reliable technique for memory retrieval.

Question 8

Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm.

Accepted Answer

Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a circadian rhythm, which is about 24 hours long and controlled by our internal biological clock or circadian pacemaker. This rhythm regulates our sleep, wakefulness, and other physiological processes like body temperature, hormone production, and metabolism.

Question 9

Which of the following states refers to the experience of being completely aware of one's surroundings, focused and in control of mental processes?

Accepted Answer

The state described in the question refers to the meditative state, where one is completely aware and focused, but also relaxed and in control of their thoughts. A state of déjà vu refers to the feeling of having experienced something before, hypnotized refers to a trance-like state, and intoxicated refers to being under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

Question 10

Déjà vu is the experience of:

Accepted Answer

Déjà vu is the sensation of having already experienced something that is actually happening for the first time, often in a context that would be impossible or unlikely to have previously occurred.

Question 11

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

Accepted Answer

Psychologists use the term consciousness to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts.

Question 12

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ___________ cycle.

Accepted Answer

A circadian cycle is approximately 24 hours long and refers to the internal biological rhythms that regulate many physiological functions in organisms, including sleep-wake cycles and hormone release. Infradian cycles are longer than 24 hours (such as menstrual cycles in humans), diurnal cycles refer specifically to a 24-hour cycle of day and night, and ultradian cycles are shorter than 24 hours (such as breathing or heart rate).

Question 13

Which of the following definitions accurately describes the state of coma?

Accepted Answer

Coma is a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness, where the individual is unresponsive to external stimuli and unable to communicate or perform voluntary actions. The brain activity is significantly depressed, and the individual cannot be awakened.

Question 14

A circadian cycle is about ______ hours long.

Accepted Answer

A circadian cycle is approximately 24 hours long, which is why it is often referred to as the "24-hour biological clock."

Question 15

A sleep disorder marked by sudden drowsiness and sleepiness is referred to as ____.

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable, and often inappropriate episodes of sleep. It is marked by sudden drowsiness and sleepiness, which is not a symptom of the other options.

Question 16

Large, periodic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles are brief bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep, which is a lighter stage of sleep. They are usually around 12-14 Hz and are thought to be involved in the consolidation of memory. Beta waves are associated with wakefulness and alertness, delta waves are associated with deep, slow-wave sleep, and alpha waves are associated with relaxation and drowsiness.

Question 17

Opiates create their euphoric effects by stimulating receptors for:

Accepted Answer

Opiates bind to endorphin receptors in the brain, which are responsible for regulating pain and producing feelings of pleasure and well-being. This results in the euphoric effects commonly associated with opiate use.

Question 18

Carmella tells her friend that last night she dreamed she was asking her boss for a promotion. If Carmella's friend believes in the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, which of the following is she likely to say about the dream?

Accepted Answer

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, dreams are the result of random activation in the brainstem and do not have any deep symbolic meaning. The manifest content of the dream (i.e. Carmella asking for a promotion) is simply the brain's attempt to make sense of this random activity.

Question 19

REM sleep is sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep because:

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is referred to as paradoxical sleep because the electrical activity in the brain during this stage is very similar to the activity during an awake state, even though the body is completely relaxed and asleep. This is why it is called paradoxical sleep.

Question 20

A person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness is called

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to a person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness. Intelligence, mindfulness, and creativity are related to different cognitive processes but do not encompass the full meaning of consciousness.

Quiz 5: Consciousness