Deck 14: Cardiovascular Disease: Fundamentals and Cultural Variations

Question 1

Alexandra believes that the outcome of life is in the hands of God.This belief is part of the ______.

A)collectivist culture
B)control culture
C)individualistic culture
D)constraint culture

Answer 1

constraint culture

Question 2

Which of the following is FALSE regarding cardiovascular reactivity?

A)Cardiovascular reactivity varies greatly between individuals.
B)It showed the same relation to measures of past discrimination across members of different ethnic groups.
C)Cardiovascular reactivity has been measured in a lab setting.
D)It refers to the changes in heart rate and blood pressure in response to stress.

Answer 2

It showed the same relation to measures of past discrimination across members of different ethnic groups.

Question 3

Hardening of the arteries is the condition in which the arteries lose their elasticity and are more susceptible to blockages from clots or plaques.The term for this condition is called ______.

A)arteriosclerosis
B)ischemia
C)atherosclerosis
D)angina pectoris

Answer 3

arteriosclerosis

Question 4

Kaiya lives in Japan and was raised in a traditional Japanese family.In a ______ culture such as hers, people do not approve of the open display of emotion.

A)neutral culture
B)constraint culture
C)affect culture
D)individualistic culture

Question 5

Accelerated blood pressure due to time constraints is less common in cultures ______.

A)that follow a fluid time orientation
B)that are individualistic, such as those in the U.S.
C)that follow a fixed time orientation
D)in the Northeastern U.S.than in other parts of the U.S.

Question 6

One psychological factor that has NOT been intrinsically tied to the incidence and progression of cardiovascular diseases is ______.

A)openness to new experiences
B)depression
C)anger
D)social support

Question 7

Changes in heart rate and blood pressure in response to stress is referred to as ______.

A)C-reactive response rate
B)cardiovascular reactivity
C)cardiovascular threshold
D)cardiovascular metabolism

Question 8

Jeanette has diabetic dyslipidemia.Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE?

A)She has low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
B)She has a normal level of triglycerides.
C)She has low levels of low-density lipoprotein.
D)She is not able to modify any physiological factors associated with this condition.

Question 9

The increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes is due, in part, to ______.

A)low levels of C-reactive protein among most type 2 diabetics
B)the lower triglycerides among most type 2 diabetics
C)irregularities in fat storage and metabolism
D)an electrolyte imbalance, causing cardiomyopathy

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE about the Framingham Study?

A)It began in the 80s.
B)It recruited participants from California and Hawaii.
C)It included only females.
D)It is a longitudinal study with third-generation cohorts participating today.

Question 11

The accumulation of fatty substances in the blood vessels is called ______.

A)arteriosclerosis
B)thrombosis
C)atherosclerosis
D)cholesterol

Question 12

The ______ was the first to establish a relationship between levels of cholesterol and high blood pressure and their affect on heart disease risk.

A)Alameda County Study
B)MacArthur Study of Aging
C)Berkeley Growth Study
D)Framingham Heart Study

Question 13

Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart and the circulatory system.The ethnic group(s) with the lowest rate of cardiovascular disease is ______.

A)European Americans
B)Asian or Pacific Islanders
C)African Americans
D)Latinos

Question 14

Dr.Francois conducted a laboratory study that entailed measuring participants' blood pressure.She was most likely measuring ______.

A)C-reactive protein levels
B)type C behavior
C)ischemia
D)cardiovascular reactivity

Question 15

In the 2008 cross-sectional Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, African American women had the highest median C-reactive protein levels.This means that ______.

A)they were in risk of chronic heart disease
B)they had genetic predisposition for a hormone that inhibits heart attacks
C)they had a reduced risk of chronic heart disease
D)these individuals react negatively to antioxidants

Question 16

What ethnic group has the lowest numbers of deaths due to CVD?

A)Asian American
B)African American
C)Native American
D)Non-Hispanic White

Question 17

Of the following Americans, who is LEAST likely to experience a stroke?

A)Amir, an African American male
B)Carlos, a Hispanic male
C)Jeff, a Native American male
D)David, a European American male

Question 18

Individuals in ______ cultures may have higher levels of anxiety and stress and correspondingly have more risk for heart problems because they believe they have absolute control over their outcomes.

A)constraint
B)affect
C)control
D)collectivist

Question 19

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Heart disease has been studied more extensively in men than in women.
B)Studies of women have shown that heart disease patients experience a significantly larger number of negative life changes compared to healthy counterparts.
C)Low birth weight is associated with increased rates of CVD later in life.
D)As people get older, their risk for developing CVD decreases.

Question 20

Hamner and Wilder (2008) used the Coronary Heart Disease Knowledge Test to measure knowledge of cardiovascular disease in rural Alabama women.Which of the following were participants most aware of as risk factors for CVD?

A)obesity
B)oral contraceptive use
C)diabetes
D)personality

Question 21

Studies found that higher rates of cardiovascular disease were seen in men who were British civil servants in the Whitehall part of London who ______.

A)worked in middle management positions
B)worked in lower employment grades
C)worked in the health care industry as nurses and physical therapists
D)were barristers (attorneys)

Question 22

If Gwenn is a survivor of a heart attack, she is depressed, and therefore is at risk of ______.

A)increased mortality in the 6-month period after the first heart attack
B)having a reduction in her LDL levels
C)only non-fatal heart attacks in the future
D)nothing; being depressed does not indicate that she is at risk of anything

Question 23

Quitting smoking has a number of benefits.In the context of cardiovascular disease, results from a large sample longitudinal study (Doll et al., 2004) suggests that quitting is ______.

A)better for men who used e-cigarettes rather than other methods to help them
B)only effective for young men
C)good regardless of age
D)most effective if men stop drinking alcoholic drinks as well

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an antioxidant?

A)alpha-carotene
B)beta-carotene
C)corn oil
D)lycopene

Question 25

Bette has arteriosclerosis.She has to deliver a very difficult presentation in the morning.This stressor ______.

A)has no potential to trigger any heart problems
B)would trigger a heart problem if she had arteriosclerosis but not arteriosclerosis
C)has the potential to trigger a heart problem
D)would only affect men with arteriosclerosis

Question 26

Correlational research has shown that ______.

A)watching a stressful soccer game increases the risk of an acute cardiovascular event
B)catastrophic events, such as earthquakes have not been related to increases in heart attacks because they are natural disasters rather than man-made disasters
C)female executives were more at risk for CHD than unskilled female workers because of the greater role overload and responsibility associated with high-ranking positions
D)job status does not seem to play a role in the link between job stress and the risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 27

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the link between personality and cardiovascular disease?

A)Those with type B personality are at a higher risk for a heart attack than those with type A personality.
B)Having a sense of time urgency puts people at equal risk for a heart attack as being angry.
C)Hostility is the personality factor that most strongly predicts having a heart attack.
D)Being competitive puts individuals as equal risk for a heart attack as being hostile.

Question 28

The French paradox has been linked to ______.

A)the very active lifestyle of the French
B)safer sex
C)a higher use of e-cigarettes among those who use tobacco
D)moderate consumption of alcohol

Question 29

Especially in developing countries, ______ is/are negatively correlated with the risk of CVD.

A)cholesterol levels
B)depression
C)anger
D)SES

Question 30

Japan and China both have relatively high rates of smoking, but cardiovascular mortality and morbidity are not proportionally as high.The reason for this may be due to ______.

A)a lower rate of other unhealthy behaviors compared to those in other countries
B)these smokers are less exposed to secondary smoke than those in other countries
C)these smokers do not inhale
D)they vape more than those in other countries

Question 31

One explanation that there is a relation between hostility and increased risk of cardiovascular disease is that hostility ______.

A)increases catecholamine levels
B)decreases beta carotene
C)decreases carotenoid levels
D)lowers LDL in the blood

Question 32

In terms of treatment options for cardiovascular disease, aspirin therapy is NOT recommended for those who ______.

A)are overweight
B)do not get regular exercise
C)suffer from migraines
D)are not following a Mediterranean diet

Question 33

In a study of ethnically diverse populations, two health behaviors influenced by social support that may have the result of reducing cardiovascular disease are ______.

A)exercise and wine intake
B)watching comedy shows and going to the movies
C)eating broccoli and blueberries
D)increased sleep and leisure activities

Question 34

Simon is stressed about a fender bender car accident at a busy intersection.His physiological core response to the stress is that his blood pressure is raised due to ______.

A)an increase in his blood sugar
B)a slowdown in metabolism of fatty foods
C)catecholamines and cortisol, which pump into the bloodstream and increase blood flow
D)the decreased response of the parasympathetic system

Question 35

In a study with Swedish participants, the researchers found that ______.

A)men with high social participation, but not the women were more likely to have second heart attacks
B)individuals with high social participation were more than twice as likely to have another heart attack than those with low social participation
C)individuals with low social participation were more than twice as likely to have another heart attack than those with high social participation
D)women with high social participation had the highest rates of heart attacks because of the burdens associated with providing social support

Question 36

______ is a substance in most plants that is known to have antioxidant properties and seems to play a role in the risk for atherosclerosis.

A)Carotenoid
B)Soy
C)Flavonoid
D)C-reactive protein

Question 37

Aspirin therapy ______.

A)is no longer recommended to reduce the risk of heart attack in people with known coronary heart disease
B)is not recommended for individuals with a low risk
C)is only recommended for men
D)There are no risks associated with aspirin therapy.

Question 38

Research on tobacco use has found that ______.

A)smoking bans did not reduce how many people smoked and did not reduce death rates due to CVD
B)the link between CVD and smoking is the same across cultures
C)the risk of CVD is about the same for smokers as for nonsmokers if the nonsmokers ever smoked in the past
D)when people quit smoking their C-reactive protein levels also drop

Question 39

What country has a term for "death from overwork"?

A)Sweden
B)Japan
C)Lithuania
D)London

Question 40

Intervention research has shown that altering ______ has been shown to reduce cardiac morbidity and mortality.

A)time of day when people engage in exercise
B)openness to experience
C)type A behavior
D)type C behavior

Question 41

The best diet to keep cardiovascular disease at bay appears to be the ______.

A)Atkins diet
B)Indo-Mediterranean diet
C)South Beach diet
D)Paleo diet

Question 42

There are two main forms of invasive surgery to deal with blockages: ______.

A)angioplasty and cardiac bypass surgery
B)cardiac bypass surgery and bariatric surgery
C)angioplasty and liposuction
D)heart transplant and cardiac valve replacement

Question 43

Patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program will most likely ______.

A)focus only on changes in eating because those are the easiest behaviors to modify
B)learn more about ways to change their lifestyle and be encouraged to limit contact with those in their social support network to avoid negative influences
C)learn to reduce salt intake and change other aspects of their lifestyle to make them more healthy
D)be advised to decrease their physical activity to reduce the chances of a future heart attack

Question 44

Studies have shown that diets comprised of the following reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: ______.

A)dairy, processed white meat, and chocolate
B)pasta, rice, and leafy green vegetables
C)fruit, vegetables, and whole-grain bread
D)brown rice, red meat, and white bread

Question 45

Ornish et al.(1998) worked with a control group and an intensive lifestyle change group.The intensive lifestyle change group was given a vegetarian diet, with minimal egg and dairy products, caffeine and alcohol beverages were not allowed, and they also had other lifestyle changes.Compared to the control group, the intensive lifestyle group ______.

A)did not have any noted improvements in coronary arteriosclerosis because the program only lasted 2 months
B)had better cardiac health one year later and even more improvement five years from the start of the original study
C)showed similar physical damage in terms of atherosclerosis and blocked arteries, but felt better
D)had an increase in artery blockages, but showed a reduction of cardiac events

Question 46

The most common recommended form of exercise is cardiovascular training, especially ______.

A)Zumba and yoga
B)tennis and golf
C)golf and martial arts
D)walking and increasing movement

Question 47

Heart disease death rates have been dropping in the U.S.since the late 1990s.

Question 48

Another name for reduced blood flow is ______.

A)myocardial infarction
B)thrombosis
C)angina
D)ischemia

Question 49

The Indo-Mediterranean diet is one of the protective factors of culture: people in and from the southern part of Europe who follow it show lower incidence of CVD.

Question 50

A somewhat paradoxical health behavior that has been linked with lowering the risk for cardiovascular disease is moderate.

A)sun exposure
B)fruit consumption
C)alcohol consumption
D)smoking

Question 51

Plaques that clog arteries and put one at risk for cardiovascular disease are composed of ______.

A)protein
B)C-reactive protein
C)fiber
D)cholesterol

Question 52

Although many people take aspirin to decrease their chances of having a heart attack, there is no research evidence showing that aspirin reduces the risk of heart attack in people with known CHD.

Question 53

Research has shown that there are differences in how doctors treat patients with chest pain according to their cultural background.

Question 54

There is only one form of invasive surgery that can deal with blockages in the heart: cardiac bypass surgery.

Question 55

Lakesha and Justine were invited to the baby shower of a mutual friend.Because of cultural differences in time orientation, Lakesha, an African American, is more likely to arrive late than Justine who is European American.

Question 56

The higher risk for heart attacks shown by South Asians is attributed, in part, to a higher prevalence of diabetes.

Question 57

Heart problems and those related to the circulatory system are the leading causes of death not only in North America, but also all around the world.

Question 58

Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death among people with diabetes.

Question 59

T-cell concentrations are biological markers of CHD.Those with higher concentrations are more at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Question 60

Cardiac bypass surgery ______.

A)puts a stent in the heart to redirect blood flow
B)takes a blood vessel from elsewhere in the body and uses it to redirect blood flow around a severely blocked artery
C)uses a thin flexible tube that is inserted through an artery
D)consists of a surgical procedure where the blocked artery is cleaned out by laser surgery

Question 61

How can relationships be both a risk for cardiovascular disease and a buffer against developing it?

Question 62

Drawing upon the results of at least one study, discuss the relationship between stress and cardiovascular disease?

Question 63

Give two examples of how cultural variations affect the incidence of cardiovascular disease?

Question 64

Your friend who is about 30 pounds overweight tells you she is going on a diet.After her doctor told her she is at risk for cardiovascular disease, she said that she is really going to do it right this time.What would your advice be?

Question 65

Discuss two physiological factors that predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease?