Deck 14: Education, Religion, and Science

Question 1

What is the relationship between mean income, educational degree, and gender?

A) The higher your level of education, the higher your income will likely be; at most levels of education, men's and women's income are equal or nearly equal.
B) The higher your level of education, the higher your income will likely be, and men at all levels of education earn more than equally educated women.
C) The higher your level of education, the higher your income will likely be; and only men at lower levels of education earn more than equally educated women.
D) The higher your level of education, the higher your income will likely be; and only men at higher levels of education earn more than equally educated women.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Regarding bilingual education for students whose native language is not English, researchers have concluded that

A) Students with only conversational English do best
B) Bilingual education helps students learn English
C) There is no room for other languages in the school
D) Bilingual education holds students back from learning English

Answer 2

B

Question 3

__________ is one of the primary vehicles by which society reinforces social inequalities based on race, ethnicity, class, and gender.

A) Education
B) Meritocracy
C) empiricism
D) secularization

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Compared to the length of the school year and school day in European and East Asian countries, in the U.S.

A) both are about the same length
B) both are shorter
C) both are longer
D) the U.S. school year is shorter, but the U.S. school day is longer

Question 5

The United States was among the first countries in the world to set a goal of education for all of its citizens, under the theory that an educated citizenry was necessary for a democratic society to function. By __________ every state had passed a mandatory education law, requiring that children attend school until they reached the age of 16 or completed the eighth grade.

A) 1776
B) 1812
C) 1850
D) 1918

Question 6

In the U.S., you need diplomas, degrees, and certificates to qualify for jobs; this is referred to as

A) The Hidden Curriculum
B) A Credential Society
C) Latent Gatekeeping
D) Formal schooling

Question 7

In 1954, the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision

A) Allowed schools to choose integration
B) Permitted "separate but equal" schooling
C) Forbade discrimination against girls and women in all aspects of school life
D) Outlawed segregation in schools

Question 8

Higher education is associated with higher income. Why is this?

A) Educated people get paid more
B) Higher social class parents have the resources to ensure more education for their children
C) Higher social class parents value education more, and therefore push their children
D) All of these reasons are correct

Question 9

In school, children learn about social status, gender and racial hierarchies, and behavior such as name calling. This is part of

A) The credential society
B) The chilly climate
C) The latent syllabus
D) The hidden curriculum

Question 10

Public schools in wealthy neighborhoods have state-of-the-art labs and libraries, small classes, and highly paid teachers, while those in poor neighborhoods have crumbling buildings, overcrowded classrooms, and overworked, underpaid teachers. This is because

A) Families in poor areas do not want to spend their money on schools
B) Children in poor areas do not have as high IQ
C) Education is funded largely by local property taxes
D) Families in wealthy areas send their children to private schools

Question 11

More than one million schoolchildren today experience this; a Midwestern study reported 88% of students observing it and 77% experiencing it.

A) Bullying
B) Same-sex relationship
C) Chilly climate
D) Racial segregation

Question 12

One of the efforts to improve on the "chilly classroom climate" described by the Sadkers in their book Failing at Fairness has been to

A) Increase funding so that poor schools can provide a comfortable and healthful environment
B) Increase the number of active girls shown in schoolbooks
C) Make more girls participate in team sports
D) Develop programs to identify and punish bullies and also teach anti-bullying strategies

Question 13

Concentrated poverty - worse health care, lower nutrition, less-educated parents, more frequent moves, weaker preschool skills, and often limited English skills - characterizes

A) The vast majority of intensely segregated Black and Latino schools
B) The vast majority of intensely segregated Black, but not Latino, schools
C) The vast majority of intensely segregated Latino, but not Black, schools
D) Only a minority of intensely segregated Latino and Black schools

Question 14

Relative to the top ten countries in Math and Reading performance, the U.S. ranks

A) Near the top in both Math and Reading
B) Near the top in Reading, but near the bottom in Math
C) Near the bottom of the top ten in both Math and Reading
D) Well below the bottom of the top ten in both Math and Reading

Question 15

The likelihoods of Blacks and Hispanics to graduate from high school, go to college, and graduate from college are all lower than the likelihoods of Whites to accomplish the same educational milestones; this "filtering out" of Blacks and Hispanics is called

A) The funnel effect
B) The bell curve
C) A meritocracy
D) The chilly classroom climate

Question 16

One of the latent functions of education is called __________, in which people learn individualism and competition, conformity to mainstream norms, obedience to authority, passive consumption of ideas, and acceptance of social inequality.

A) The hidden curriculum
B) The credential society
C) The chilly climate
D) The latent syllabus

Question 17

The vast majority of high school dropouts come from __________ families, and the vast majority of college students come from __________ families.

A) Dropouts: low-income college students: low-income
B) Dropouts: low-income college students: high-income
C) Dropouts: high-income college students: low-income
D) Dropouts: high-income college students: high-income

Question 18

Which of the following is a manifest function of education?

A) Teaching competition
B) Reading and writing in grade school
C) Obedience to authority
D) Acceptance of social inequality

Question 19

What is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge -basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.

A) College
B) Peers
C) Education
D) School

Question 20

According to the text, one of the most constant put-downs in our schools today is calling someone

A) Geek
B) Brain
C) Gay
D) Goth

Question 21

The majority of students surveyed about school shootings attribute the violence to

A) violence on television and in video games
B) access to guns
C) bullying - getting back at those who hurt them
D) mental problems

Question 22

The voucher system

A) uses taxpayer funds to pay for students' tuition at private schools
B) is used to rectify language deficiencies in public education
C) is used throughout the state of California
D) allows students to transfer to better schools on the government's tab

Question 23

For decades, sociologists predicted incorrectly that American life would become more

A) Religious at the expense of science
B) Secular at the expense of religion
C) Communist compared to democratic
D) Stratified compared to egalitarian

Question 24

An advantage of a for-profit university such as Phoenix, Strayer, or Cardean, is

A) More faculty involved in current or cutting-edge research
B) Higher paid faculty
C) Faster time to graduate
D) More prestigious degree

Question 25

Two types of privatization, allowing some degree of private control over public education, are

A) Charter schools and parochial schools
B) Parochial schools and magnet schools
C) Prep schools and Catholic schools
D) Charter schools and the voucher system

Question 26

"Civil religion"

A) Includes secular rituals, such as the Pledge of Allegiance or fireworks at the Fourth of July
B) Refers to religions that have greater civility, i.e. agreement and politeness among members
C) Stresses greater civility towards its god or gods, including greater humility, head coverings, and so forth.
D) Tends to have more involvement of "civilians", that is non-clergy, in its organizational and operational structure, though clergy remain central in its religious aspects.

Question 27

Though they seem contradictory, scientific knowledge as well as adherence to religious ideals have grown in many areas of the world, illustrating the

A) Contradictory perspective
B) Both/and perspective
C) Either/or perspective
D) Functionalist perspective

Question 28

Since the middle of the twentieth century, the proportion of the U.S. population who are going to college has

A) Increased substantially
B) Increased somewhat
C) Stayed fairly level
D) Actually gone down somewhat

Question 29

The "traditional" college experience of a private four-year liberal arts college accounts for

A) A small minority of higher education students
B) Nearly half of higher education students
C) Between half and two-thirds of higher education students
D) Almost all higher education students

Question 30

In the U.S., the Christian denomination with the largest membership is

A) Roman Catholic
B) Lutheran
C) Presbyterian
D) Methodist

Question 31

Religion exists in every single culture. No human society has yet been discovered that lacks an organized, coherent system of beliefs about a spiritual world. Hence religion is a(n)

A) Manifest function
B) Latent function
C) Cultural universal
D) Universal truth

Question 32

Since the mid 1970s, more U.S. college students have been _________ compared to the other choices.

A) Female
B) Male
C) African American
D) Asian

Question 33

According to __________, religion served to integrate society, to create a sense of unity, providing a sort of social glue that holds society together.

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Friedrich Engels

Question 34

Today most college students major in

A) business
B) the natural sciences
C) one of the liberal arts
D) elementary education

Question 35

According to your text, the price of which of these has increased the fastest?

A) College tuition/fees
B) Medical care
C) Consumer price index
D) Apparel

Question 36

__________ believed that religion kept social change from happening by preventing people from revolting against the miserable conditions of their lives, and argued that religion provided a justification for inequality.

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Robert Bellah

Question 37

At Harvard, Yale, and Princeton Universities, prior to the 1920s all applicants who met high academic standards were accepted. Then, admissions criteria were instituted in order to limit admissions of

A) Women
B) Blacks
C) Jews
D) Italians

Question 38

The simplest form of religious organization, a __________, forms around a specific person or idea, and is distinguished by the measure of loyalty extracted from fervent believers.

A) Sect
B) Cult
C) Ecclesiae
D) Denomination

Question 39

Title IX legislation ________.

A) increased social advancement for girls
B) made college degrees more accessible for lower income students
C) increased funding for girls' sports
D) outlawed the practice of segregation

Question 40

__________ argued that religion could be a catalyst to change, and that the impact of religious ideas on economic activity may have led to capitalism.

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Robert Bellah

Question 41

These three major religions, which share many beliefs and practices, are called "Western Religions" because, while they originated in the Middle East, their adherents are largely among Western nations. They are

A) Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism
B) Christianity, Judaism, and Buddhism
C) Islam, Christianity, and Judaism
D) Catholicism, Christianity, and Protestantism

Question 42

The scientific norm of __________ is constantly undermined by the enormous amount of money that is possible for those with financial interests in research fields such as drugs, energy, or weapons.

A) Normal science
B) Disinterestedness
C) Bias
D) Gatekeeping

Question 43

One of the latent functions of education is called __________, in which people learn individualism and competition, conformity to mainstream norms, obedience to authority, passive consumption of ideas, and acceptance of social inequality.

Question 44

The most important norm of science is

A) disinterestedness
B) bias
C) public knowledge
D) objectivity

Question 45

Believers in New Age religious groups and practices, often referred to as "spirituality,"

A) Tend to demand strict obedience to a set of rules
B) Are often very open minded and pluralistic
C) Are rarely if ever globalized
D) Have been going down in number

Question 46

In Science, what does the norm of disinterestedness mean?

A) Science should not be interesting
B) Science should not encourage change
C) Scientific research should not be conducted for personal gain
D) Scientific research should not be conducted for the pursuit of scientific truth.

Question 47

What is the relationship between education and religion?

A) There is very little relationship - people at most education levels are similarly devout in practicing their religion
B) The lower your level of educational attainment, the less devout you will tend to be in practicing your religion
C) The higher your level of educational attainment, the less devout you will tend to be in practicing your religion
D) The higher your level of educational attainment, the more devout you will tend to be in practicing your religion

Question 48

Church attendance in all industrialized countries except __________is at or near all-time lows.

A) Italy
B) the United States
C) Great Britain
D) France

Question 49

According to Thomas Kuhn (1962) __________ science follows social customs: Older, more established scientists train younger ones, who extend the reach of the paradigm, but seldom dare to challenge the paradigm itself.

A) Groundbreaking
B) Static
C) Dynamic
D) Normal

Question 50

________ are more likely to be religious.

A) Younger people
B) Urban dwellers
C) Women
D) Men

Question 51

The Christian "Old Testament" is the same thing as the

A) Koran
B) Jewish Bible
C) Book of Islam
D) Book of Confucius

Question 52

Which of these tend to have higher religiosity in the U.S.?

A) Women, older, rural
B) Men, younger, suburban
C) Women, younger, urban
D) Men, older, urban

Question 53

Contrary to most Western religions, several religious denominations have begun to include __________, including some Protestant denominations, conservative and reform Judaism, and most non-Western religions.

A) African-Americans
B) The homeless
C) Gay men and lesbians
D) Women

Question 54

________ is an applied branch of physical science.

A) Agriculture
B) Computer science
C) Engineering
D) Social work

Question 55

Which of these is MOST likely to say religion is very important in everyday life, and which is LEAST likely?

A) Most likely: Whites Least likely: Blacks
B) Most likely: Blacks Least likely: Hispanics
C) Most likely: Hispanics Least likely: Blacks
D) Most likely: Blacks Least likely: Whites

Question 56

________, religion has declined sharply.

A) Globally
B) In Russia
C) In Western Europe
D) In the United States

Question 57

The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge -basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values is called __________.

Question 58

In the U.S., most Americans are members of

A) Judaism
B) Catholicism
C) The Methodist church
D) One of many Protestant denominations

Question 59

Established scientists control research by editing and reviewing articles, deciding who receives research grants, and ensuring that scientific research conforms to what they think is worthy. They

A) act as gatekeepers.
B) ensure that science is open to new methods and discoveries.
C) tend to be egalitarian in terms of funding research from minorities and women.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 60

Which of these are abundant at the highest levels of science?

A) Women
B) Latino men
C) Asian men
D) African American men

Question 61

Church attendance in all industrialized countries except __________is at or near all-time lows.

Question 62

The likelihoods of Blacks and Hispanics to graduate from high school, go to college, and graduate from college are all lower than the likelihoods of Whites to accomplish the same educational milestones; this narrowing of Blacks' and Hispanics' likelihood of educational success is called the __________ effect.

Question 63

Marx called religion "the __________ of the masses," making people numb to the painful reality of inequality.

Question 64

Whites are more likely than Blacks or Hispanics to graduate from high school, to go to college, and to graduate from college within six years.

Question 65

_________ are the racial/ethnic group in the U.S. that is most likely to say religion is important in everyday life.

Question 66

Since the middle of the twentieth century, the proportion of the U.S. population who are going to college has __________.

Question 67

__________ acquires its ideas through revelation, while __________ acquires its knowledge through empirical verification.

Question 68

A __________ is a small subculture within an established religious institution. They break from traditional practices, but remain within the larger institution.

Question 69

According to Thomas Kuhn (1962) __________ science follows social customs: Older, more established scientists train younger ones, who extend the reach of the paradigm, but seldom dare to challenge the paradigm itself.

Question 70

More than one million schoolchildren today experience __________; a Midwestern study reported 88% of students observing it and 77% experiencing it.

Question 71

In their book, Failing at Fairness (1994), David and Myra Sadker documented some of the subtle ways teachers reinforce both gender difference and gender inequality. They named it the "__________ classroom climate" for girls.

Question 72

An important scientific norm is __________: Scientific research should not be conducted for personal goals, such as fame or glory, and certainly not for money, but for the pursuit of scientific truth.

Question 73

Sociologist Robert Bellah (1967) suggested that modern, secular societies develop a __________ __________ in which secular rituals-such as reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, singing the national anthem at professional sports events, lighting fireworks on the Fourth of July-create the intense emotional bonds among people that used to be accomplished by religion.

Question 74

The U.S. is a __________ society, in that people need diplomas, degrees, and certificates to qualify for jobs.

Question 75

Established scientists control research by acting as __________; they edit and review articles, decide who receives research grants, and ensure that scientific research conforms to what they think is worthy.

Question 76

The three religions __________, __________, and __________, which share many beliefs and practices, are considered Western Religions because their adherents are largely among Western nations.

Question 77

In the U.S., __________ are often the cultural center of a town, and have become a social hub of many American communities.

Question 78

One in three children worldwide lives in a country where boys are educationally disadvantaged compared to girls.

Question 79

The Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision (1954) outlawed the practice of requiring White and non-White students living in the same district to attend separate schools. In 1998, more than 70 percent of Black students attended intensely __________ schools.

Question 80

The most important norm of science is __________, in which judgments are based on empirical verification, not on personal feelings or opinions.