Deck 8: Minerals: the Inorganic Regulators

Question 1

Trace minerals

A) are found in large quantities in most processed foods.
B) have physiological roles that may have important implications for health or physical performance.
C) are hard to obtain, and minor deficiencies are common.
D) are abundant, and dietary excesses are common.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A) Excessive physical activity
B) High levels of estrogen
C) Athletic amenorrhea
D) Moderate consumption of coffee and alcohol

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Chromium is essential in human nutrition. Which of the following statements is correct when considering chromium's effect on the body?

A) Chromium potentiates the activity of insulin and may also affect protein metabolism
B)Recent studies support previous ones that found chromium picolinate supplementation enhanced body composition by decreasing body fat and increasing lean body mass
C) Chromium acts as a therapeutic agent, as well as a nutrient
D) There is a reliable measure of chromium states in the body, so deficiencies can easily be identified

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The major function of iron in the body is the formation of compounds essential to the transportation and utilization of oxygen. To further this purpose,

A) approximately 70 percent of the body iron is in storage form.
B) the iron that is stored in the tissues is stored principally as compounds called ferritins.
C) the vast majority of iron in the body is used to form hemoglobin.
D) the body loses 10-15 mg of iron each day.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about calcium's functioning in the human body is correct?

A) About 60 percent of one's dietary intake of calcium is absorbed
B) Although low serum levels of calcium are rare, when they do occur, it is usually because of dietary deficiencies
C) High levels of calcium may contribute to the development of cancer of the colon
D) One symptom of a low serum level may be muscle cramping

Question 6

Which of the following statements correctly describes minerals?

A) Minerals are organic elements found nature
B) Minerals may be components of metalloenzymes or exist as electrolytes
C) All elements are minerals
D) Vanadium and silicon are found in animal tissues, but they are of no importance to human nutrition

Question 7

Which one of the following may affect the amount of iron absorbed into the body?

A) Small amounts of meat added to grain products enhance iron absorption
B) Vitamin C facilitates heme iron absorption
C) Tea increases iron absorption
D) Certain mineral supplements, particularly calcium, will enhance the absorption of nonheme iron

Question 8

Excessive iron in children may be associated with which one of the following dangers?

A) Iron is depleted from the liver which causes hemochromatosis
B) Oxidization of HDL cholesterol, a reaction believed to be one of the causes of atherosclerosis
C) High body iron stores have been definitely linked to increased risk of CHD
D) Deaths due to overdoses of iron, obtained by eating large amounts of candy-flavored vitamin tablets with iron

Question 9

Which of the following statements about calcium supplements is true?

A) There is a greater increase in peak bone mass when supplements are started after puberty
B) Supplement tablets should be taken with a meal
C) When calcium supplements are combined with exercise training, hormone replacement is no longer necessary
D) Excessive calcium supplements many interfere with the absorption of other minerals, most notably phosphorus and magnesium

Question 10

Which of the following statements discussing copper's effect on the human body is INCORRECT?

A) Copper is involved in oxygen metabolism
B) The major deficiency symptom of copper is anemia
C) Copper is needed for the absorption of calcium from the intestinal tract
D) Copper is a component of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that functions as an antioxidant to quench free radicals

Question 11

Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body and

A) 20-30 percent of it is used to develop bones.
B) supplementation offers no ergogenic effect on aerobic endurance performance.
C) its excess does not appear to pose any problems to a healthy individual when used on a short-term basis.
D) many Americans are not getting enough in their diet.

Question 12

Research supports which of the following statements on iron supplementation?

A) If iron-deficiency anemia exists, iron therapy could help to increase physical performance
B) With iron-deficient, nonanemic subjects, iron supplementation will improve VO2 max
C) With normal hemoglobin levels, iron supplementation will improve VO2 max
D) High iron stores will increase the risk of CHD

Question 13

What is the most common nutrient-deficiency disorder in the United States?

A) Vitamin C deficiency
B) Vitamin B12 deficiency
C) Iron-deficiency anemia
D) Calcium deficiency

Question 14

Magnesium

A) is the primary mineral in the skeletal system; thus, a reserve is available for short periods of dietary deficiency.
B) is a mineral which when deficient, can cause anemia.
C) is so widely available in foods that no purely dietary deficiency has been reported.
D) a common deficiency in adults.

Question 15

Which of the following statements concerning mineral deficiencies or excesses is INCORRECT?

A) If the diet intake is sufficient, minerals are readily absorbed from the intestine
B) Additional minerals may be needed for the synthesis of new tissues associated with physical training
C) The body may absorb more of a mineral from food and excretes less when a deficiency occurs
D) Excessive consumption of minerals may cause a number of health problems, even in relatively small doses

Question 16

The National Institute of Health recommends a calcium intake of mg/day for those aged 19-50 years.

A) 600
B) 800
C) 1,000
D) 1,200

Question 17

Calcium represents almost 2 percent of the body weight,

A) and its absorption from the intestine is decreased by vitamin D and lactose.
B) but an increase in its absorption from the intestine may occur if excessive amounts of fiber or phosphorus exist in the diet.
C) with 85 percent of this amount found in the skeleton, 5 percent utilized for tooth formation, and the remainder influencing human metabolism.
D) and the physiological functions take precedence over the formation of bone tissue.

Question 18

Zinc is found in virtually all tissues in the body and

A) small amounts of zinc supplements do not appear to pose any major problems to the healthy individual.
B) supplements of 50 mg per day, have been observed to produce anemia, decrease the HDL cholesterol level, impair the immune system, and may even be fatal.
C) low levels of zinc in the serum indicate low levels of zinc in the muscles, and performance will be impaired.
D) mild dietary zinc deficiency is common in areas where consumption of grain products is relatively low and consumption of animal protein is relatively high.

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning iron deficiency is INCORRECT?

A) The intestines limit the amount of iron absorbed from the diet
B) Twenty percent of the female population has iron-deficiency anemia
C) There is currently no single biochemical indication available to reliably assess iron adequacy
D) The normal hemoglobin level is 14-16 grams per deciliter of blood for males and 12-14 grams for females

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT classified as a macromineral?

A) Calcium
B) Magnesium
C) Iron
D) Sodium

Question 21

In the female athlete triad, hormonal changes interfere with the proper use of which nutrient that leads to certain health problems?

A) vitamin C
B) calcium
C) vitamin D
D) copper
E) vitamin A

Question 22

Who has the lesser need for iron as specified by the RDA?

A) adolescent boys
B) adolescent girls
C) young adult females
D) adult males
E) female distance runners

Question 23

Which of the following would not contain heme iron?

A) liver
B) dried beans
C) fish
D) chicken
E) beef

Question 24

A food poor in iron is:

A) liver
B) whole wheat bread
C) milk
D) fish
E) poultry

Question 25

This disease is prevalent in the elderly and may be due to an inadequate calcium intake during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood?

A) osteoporosis
B) rickets
C) xerophthalmia
D) marasmus
E) pernicious anemia

Question 26

Which of the following statements concerning trace minerals is FALSE?

A) copper and iron are needed for optimal functioning of the red blood cell
B) selenium works as an antioxidant with one of the vitamins
C) chromium appears to be essential in the use of blood glucose
D) zinc is a part of numerous metalloenzymes
E) mercury is essential for carbohydrate metabolism

Question 27

Which of the following is not a trace mineral as per definition?

A) chromium
B) iron
C) copper
D) zinc
E) potassium

Question 28

Which nutrients consumed in excess may pose a risk of kidney damage and other soft tissues such as the blood vessels?

A) calcium and vitamin D
B) fiber and vitamin C
C) B12 and copper
D) Riboflavin and phosphorus
E) Vitamin E and selenium

Question 29

Iron is important in the body because it is:

A) needed for blood clotting
B) an integral part of bones and teeth
C) a constituent of hemoglobin
D) a coenzyme for the use of fat in the muscle cell
E) an energy source

Question 30

Which statement does not describe the role of major minerals in the body?

A) they give teeth and bone their rigidity and strength
B) they regulate body processes
C) they are constituents of soft tissues
D) they are a source of caloric energy
E) they help to maintain the acid-base balance

Question 31

Which food exchange is the best source of zinc, iron and copper in regards to the concept of bioavailability?

A) milk
B) meat
C) starch/bread
D) fruit
E) vegetable

Question 32

Approximately how much calcium is found in one glass (8 ounces) of skim milk?

A) 50 milligrams
B) 100 milligrams
C) 300 milligrams
D) 800 milligrams
E) 1,200 milligrams

Question 33

Excessive intake of iron can lead to a condition called hemochromatosis, which is damage to which organ in the body?

A) arterial walls
B) kidney
C) heart
D) liver
E) lungs

Question 34

Which vitamin and mineral combination provides the best possible nutritional defense against the development of osteoporosis?

A) thiamin and selenium
B) A and iron
C) C and phosphorus
D) D and calcium
E) E and sodium

Question 35

Which mineral may be an effective ergogenic aid for runners since it may possibly increase the delivery of oxygen to the muscle cell by increasing the 2, 3-DPG concentration in hemoglobin and facilitating oxygen release from hemoglobin?

A) calcium.
B) phosphorus.
C) zinc.
D) magnesium.
E) chromium.

Question 36

Which of the following statements regarding fluoride is INCORRECT?

A) Fluoridation of the public water system has been endorsed by over 90 professional health organizations
B) Fluoride inhibits bacterial enzymes and demineralization of the tooth
C) Excess fluoride strengthens the outer tooth enamel and reduces dental caries
D) Brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste may be helpful in improving dental health

Question 37

Which of the following contains the least amount of calcium?

A) milk
B) meat
C) dried beans
D) dark green leafy vegetables
E) cheese

Question 38

Which two minerals are thought to assist with the functions of insulin?

A) iron and copper
B) iron and zinc
C) iron and chromium
D) chromium and zinc
E) chromium and vanadium

Question 39

The two KEY NUTRIENTS that are minerals are:

A) iron and copper
B) iron and chromium
C) iron and calcium
D) iron and zinc
E) iron and niacin

Question 40

Who has the greatest need for dietary calcium, and thus the highest AI?

A) adults age 19-50
B) children age 1-3 years
C) youths age 4-8 years
D) youth and adolescents age 9-18 years
E) the AI is the same for everyone

Question 41

A mineral is an element, but an element is not always a mineral.

Question 42

Which of the following is true about mineral balance?

A) In response to short-term over or under ingestion of a given mineral, humans will adapt by excreting more or absorbing more, respectively, of that mineral.
B) Minerals are needed in such small amounts that a mineral imbalance never happens.
C) Humans can only regulate mineral balance over a long time period, thus short term imbalances will result in poor exercise performance.
D) Mineral balance is a very intricate process and cannot be accomplished by diet alone.

Question 43

Fresh fruits and vegetables are generally

A) high in potassium and low in sodium
B) high in iron and low in the B vitamins
C) high in vitamin A and low in vitamin C
D) high in iron and low in calcium
E) high in protein and low in fat

Question 44

Minerals serve two of the three basic function of nutrients: building blocks for body tissues and a source of
caloric energy.

Question 45

Twenty-five elements are presumed to be essential in humans.

Question 46

Estrogen protects bone density by:

A) Estrogen has no effect on bone density
B) Decreasing following menopause
C) Reducing bone resorption
D) Increasing bone resorption

Question 47

The loss of the menstrual cycle in some female athletes is due to:

A) a lack of sufficient antioxidants in the diet which tends to decrease estrogen levels
B) an energy drain-meaning doing too much exercise and ingesting too few calories
C) a combination of lack of calcium in the diet and not enough training
D) a decrease in estrogen due to low iron in the diet

Question 48

By definition, which of the following is not classified as a major mineral (macromineral)?

A) iron
B) calcium
C) phosphorus
D) potassium
E) chloride

Question 49

The female athlete triad refers to:

A) a female athlete who has a dietary deficiency in iron, calcium, and zinc
B) a female athlete who has a combination of brittle bones, loss of the menstrual cycle, and disordered eating patterns
C) a female who has high estrogen, high bone mineral density, and is an elite athlete
D) the three bone fracture sites that occur commonly in female athletes: wrist, vertebrae, and hip

Question 50

The seven macrominerals are so classified because the RDA of each is greater than 100 mg per day or the
body contains more than 5 grams of each.

Question 51

Three risk factors for osteoporosis include:

A) inactivity, cigarette smoking, and being African American
B) stress, cigarette smoking, and being White or Asian
C) being male, being over 60 yr old, and being Hispanic
D) low calcium diet, excessive alcohol, and being either Hispanic or African American

Question 52

Which of the following is true regarding calcium absorption?

A) Calcium in milk more absorbable because of Vitamin D
B) Phytates in legumes and oxalates in spinach increase absorption of calcium
C) Excessive sodium intake reduces excretion of calcium
D) Excessive protein intake reduces excretion of calcium

Question 53

In order to increase the absorption of iron, vegetarians should eat iron-rich plant foods with which of the following?

A) vitamin C
B) calcium
C) phytic acid
D) high fiber supplements
E) zinc

Question 54

About of women in the United States consume less than the RDA for calcium in their diet.

A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 25%

Question 55

Most minerals are easily and readily absorbed from the intestines.

Question 56

Dark green leafy vegetables are good sources for all of the following except which?

A) A
B) iron
C) calcium
D) B12
E) folate

Question 57

When it comes to calcium balance, the priority of the body is:

A) To excrete about 2/3rds of daily calcium intake through sweat
B) To absorb 100% of the calcium the diet provides
C) To maintain bone calcium levels, even at the expense of blood levels
D) To maintain blood calcium levels, even at the expense of bone

Question 58

What do bisphosphonates, calcitonin, Evista, Fosamax, Forteo, and Boniva have in common?

A) they are drugs or hormones used to prevent osteoporosis
B) they are antioxidant enzymes
C) they are other names for phosphates, calcium and iron supplements
D) they are used to help prevent hyponatremia when exercising in the heat
E) they are drugs used to help prevent pernicious anemia

Question 59

Based on current ACSM guidelines, which of the following statements regarding exercise and the development of osteoporosis is FALSE?

A) dynamic, weight-bearing aerobic exercise, along with resistance exercise, will help increase peak bone mass in youth
B) development of peak bone mass is best achieved during the developmental years of youth
C) a balanced exercise program will eliminate the need for any drug therapy in postmenopausal women D exercise programs for older individuals are important as they may help develop strength and flexibility, which
) may increase postural stability and lessen the likelihood of falling and causing osteoporotic fractures
E) the primary benefit of exercise in adulthood is to help prevent bone loss

Question 60

Most studies have reported that U.S. athletes are getting the recommended amounts of all minerals in their
diets, even those participating in weight-control sports.

Question 61

For those who desire to take a calcium supplement, it should be taken in one 600 mg tablet per day.

Question 62

Iron therapy will increase performance capacity if the individual suffers from iron-deficiency anemia and will
increase VO2 max, even in the nonanemic individual.

Question 63

The bioavailability of iron is so low that to replace the 1.5 mg of iron that is lost from the body daily, 15 mg
would need to be consumed.

Question 64

The adult RDA for phosphorus is 1,000 mg/day.

Question 65

Trace minerals, or microminerals, are those needed in extremely minute amounts, such as a few micrograms per day.

Question 66

Current research supports the use of magnesium supplementation as an effective means of improving
performance.

Question 67

Soft drinks have a relatively high phosphate content.

Question 68

Contemporary treatment for osteoporosis usually involves three components: hormone replacement or drug
therapy, calcium supplements, and exercise.

Question 69

Iron supplementation offers no benefit to individuals with normal hemoglobin and iron status.

Question 70

Magnesium deficiencies may be related to low blood pressure.

Question 71

Nonheme iron is found only in plant foods.

Question 72

The RDA for iron is 15 mg for men and 10mg for women.

Question 73

Deficiency states of phosphorus are rare, but have been known to occur in individuals with certain diseases and
in those who have used antacid compounds for long periods of time.

Question 74

Heme iron is associated with hemoglobin and myoglobin and thus is found only in animal foods.

Question 75

Low serum ferritin levels do not necessarily reflect low iron levels in the muscles.

Question 76

The RDA for magnesium is 350 mg/day for men and women.

Question 77

Zinc is a component of enzymes that are involved in the major pathways of energy metabolism, protein
synthesis, the growth process, and wound healing.

Question 78

Boron has been found to enhance athletic performance and the use of boron supplements is recommended.

Question 79

One symptom of magnesium deficiency is muscle cramping, which may occur because the low levels of
magnesium are not able to block the stimulating effect of calcium on muscle contraction.

Question 80

The adult AI for calcium is 800 mg/day.