Deck 6: Consciousness

Question 1

Today,most psychologists define _________ as our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

A) mentalishness
B) sentience
C) wakefulness
D) consciousness

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

Thanks to the __________ function of consciousness,we don't waste our attention on information that is not immediately relevant to our situations or salient to our own lives.

A) bottleneck
B) discriminative
C) selective
D) restrictive

Answer 2

restrictive

Question 3

According to research into an animal's ability to recognize its own reflection in a mirror,which of the following species has been found to possess self-consciousness?

A) dolphins
B) chimpanzees
C) parakeets
D) gorillas

Answer 3

chimpanzees

Question 4

Ira was watching television in his living room,while his wife Michelle was watching a television in the kitchen.Even though they were watching two completely different channels and could both hear the television from the other room,they were each able to focus on their own television program without loss of concentration or enjoyment.This is an example of the __________ function of consciousness.

A) divergent
B) convergent
C) selective storage
D) restrictive

Question 5

The __________ function is an aspect of consciousness that helps people inhibit urges they have that are not moral,ethical,or practical; it equips people with the conscious self-awareness necessary to analyze and evaluate their thoughts before they act on those thoughts.

A) conscious
B) planning
C) discriminatory
D) conscience

Question 6

__________ is the study of individual consciousness that addresses subjective experience.

A) Symbology
B) Phenomenology
C) Extentialism
D) Conscriptology

Question 7

Which level of consciousness includes metacognition?

A) Self-consciousness
B) Minimal consciousness
C) Full consciousness
D) Altered consciousness

Question 8

Which of the following levels of consciousness represents the highest level of awareness or alertness?

A) Full consciousness
B) Minimal consciousness
C) Self-consciousness
D) Alter state of consciousness

Question 9

Which of the following is a type of consciousness with which we interact on a regular basis?

A) subconscious processing
B) retroconscious processing
C) nonconscious activities
D) duplicated-conscious information

Question 10

Freud believed that we bury information in the unconscious through the process of __________.

A) repression
B) actualization
C) denial
D) subconsciousizing

Question 11

Gwen is very impulsive and often acts without thinking.Some of her behaviors are not entirely moral or ethical,but she tends to have difficulty taking a moment to stop and think before she acts.Which of her conscious processes is failing to do its job effectively?

A) Her planning function
B) The suprachiasmatic nucleus of her hypothalamus
C) Her nonconscious processing
D) Her circadian rhythm

Question 12

__________ activity is a process that occurs in the body that people do not have to actively monitor or regulate.

A) Nonconscious
B) Unconscious
C) Altered conscious
D) Preconscious

Question 13

Marquis is a graduate student in psychology,and his particular area of study involves a focus on individual consciousness that addresses a person's subjective experiences.Marquis is studying __________.

A) phenomenology
B) existentialism
C) Gestalt psychology
D) philosophical psychology

Question 14

Professor Stein tells his class,"I'm going to ask you a question,and I want you to think of the answer as fast as possible.What did you have for dinner last night?" The fact that the students were not actively thinking about the previous night's meal but were able to rapidly bring that information into their awareness suggests that the information was stored in the __________.

A) unconscious
B) subconscious
C) nonconscious
D) preconscious

Question 15

The __________ unconscious refers to a collection of mental processes that affect the way a person feels or behaviors,even though he or she is not consciously aware of them.

A) collective
B) prefixative
C) cognitive
D) selective

Question 16

"Thinking about your own thoughts" is called __________.

A) self-consciousness
B) metacognition
C) reversed cognition
D) minimal consciousness

Question 17

Self-_________ occurs when we notice our own successes,and self-__________ occurs when we notice our own shortcomings.

A) evaluation; criticism
B) aggrandizing; lamenting
C) praise; punishment
D) centerdness; criticality

Question 18

Which of the following is an effective method of inducing an altered state of consciousness?

A) Watching television
B) Meditation
C) Reading an interesting article in a magazine
D) Driving on a long trip

Question 19

According to the selective __________ function of consciousness,we are able to selectively analyze,interpret,and act on stimuli.In other words,we can choose which events in our surroundings we want to pay attention to and which we want to disregard.

A) activation
B) storage
C) discrimination
D) processing

Question 20

Jason and his wife Mitzi often disagree about the colors of her outfits.Mitzi loves to wear a pink blouse with brown pants,while Jason feels that pink and brown do not 'go together' in a good way.On the one hand,this may simply reflect different opinions about colors.On the other hand,this may reflect the fact that they have a fundamental difference in perception of what brown and pink look like.This difficulty knowing the consciousness of others is known as the __________.

A) problem of other minds
B) fundamental attribution error
C) consciousness discontinuity effect
D) perceptual chasm

Question 21

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the __________ serves as the human internal alarm clock,responding to changes in light that trigger us to sleep or wake up.

A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) cerebrum
D) hypothalamus

Question 22

Marti was having difficulties with headaches lately,so she went to a neurologist for an examination.After extensive testing and investigation,it was revealed that she had a tumor on her __________ gland.The doctor said to her "the biggest problem with this sort of tumor is that it is going to start interrupting your sleep.That is because it is supposed to release melatonin into your bloodstream,but as the tumor grows it will be unable to do so." Which part of Marti's endocrine system is afflicted with this tumor?

A) The pancreatic gland
B) The melatonic gland
C) The pineal gland
D) The pituitary gland

Question 23

Generally speaking,at what point in a 24-hour period is our body temperature going to at its peak,or highest?

A) Immediately after our biggest meal
B) When we first wake up
C) Mid-day
D) Right before bedtime

Question 24

During which stage of sleep are you most likely to experience vivid dreams?

A) Stage 1
B) REM
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 25

Which part of the endocrine system is responsible for receiving messages from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and releasing the hormone melatonin into the bloodstream?

A) The adrenal gland
B) The pituitary gland
C) The pineal gland
D) The thyroid gland

Question 26

__________ is defined as the natural loss of consciousness.

A) Hypnosis
B) Sleep
C) A coma
D) Syncope

Question 27

How much time passes over the course of a circadian cycle?

A) 12 hours
B) 28 hours
C) 14 days
D) 24 days

Question 28

What is the biggest difference between the different stages of the sleep cycle?

A) Changes in physical activity
B) Changes in brain-wave activity
C) Changes in muscle tone
D) Changes in respiratory effort

Question 29

oHoHHow many stages of sleep are there in human beings?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 30

Which of the following types of brain activity are present during stage 2 sleep?

A) Theta waves
B) Beta waves
C) K-complexes
D) Alpha waves

Question 31

__________ is a period of transition between being awake and being asleep.

A) REM time
B) Hypnagogia
C) Nonconsciousness
D) K-Complex

Question 32

Which of the following types of brain wave activity is generally seen as one of the dominant types during stage 1 sleep?

A) zeta waves
B) echo waves
C) delta waves
D) beta waves

Question 33

In the hypothalamus,which area is responsible for controlling the circadian clock by sending messages to the pineal gland to increase or reduce the secretion of melatonin?

A) The putamanic body
B) The suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) The prefrontal sulcus
D) The dorsolateral cortex

Question 34

What does REM stand for?

A) Rapid Eye Movement
B) Random Excitatory Memory
C) Repletion of Extra Melatonin
D) Rigorous Energetic Motion

Question 35

Sheri has been having difficulty sleeping lately,and the problem has gotten bad enough that is interfering with her daily functioning.At the suggesting of her physician,she goes to a sleep laboratory to see if something treatable is going on.The sleep specialists want to study her brain activity while she sleeps,so which of the following instruments is she most likely to be connected to during the night in the lab?

A) An EMG machine
B) An EKG machine
C) An EEG machine
D) An ESP machine

Question 36

Which of the body's hormones is primarily responsible for inducing sleep?

A) dopamine
B) noradrenaline
C) melatonin
D) testosterone

Question 37

Many over-the-counter remedies have names that resemble the actual chemical or physiological mechanism that they impact.Which of the following product names would be most likely to affect your ability to sleep?

A) Superseratone
B) Dopaminex
C) Melatonex
D) Adrenalaccel

Question 38

Which of the following hormones is the closest in its function to melatonin?

A) Prolactin
B) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
C) Luteinizing hormone
D) Adenosine

Question 39

Which stage of sleep is characterized by an increase in delta wave activity in the brain?

A) REM sleep
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 3

Question 40

The __________ rhythm is a biological clock that regulates body functions on a 24-hour cycle.

A) circadian
B) melatonic
C) REM
D) K-complex

Question 41

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibiting most muscular activity while we are in REM sleep?

A) gamma aminobutyric acid
B) pituitarisine
C) cortisol
D) glycine

Question 42

Sleepwalking is most likely to occur near the end of which stage during sleep?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) REM sleep

Question 43

Barry was working in his workshop one evening when he got a one-inch cut on his forearm.It bled for several minutes before he was able to apply a bandage without it bleeding through.After a good night of sleep,he noticed that his injury had formed a rough scab that was now protecting the cut as it healed.The fact that this happened while Barry slept is evidence of the __________ theory of sleep.

A) Memory
B) Protection and preservation
C) Growth
D) Body restoration

Question 44

Which of the following is probably the best explanation for why many people claim that they don't dream?

A) The pituitarisine in their brains does not activate the message of the thalamus while they sleep, so they do not experience "sensory events," or dreams, in their sleep.
B) The dorsolateral hypothalamus is not actively connected to the ventromedial hypothalamus, and so they are incapable of coding their REM experiences as dreams.
C) They do not experience the daily events, both positive and negative, that stimulate dream activities.
D) They simply do not remember their dreams; however, if they were awakened during a REM stage, they would be much more likely to remember a dream that they just woke up from.

Question 45

Which of the following physical events occurs during REM sleep?

A) Breathing becomes rapid and irregular
B) Muscular tension increases as dream activity becomes more intense
C) Heart rate decreases
D) Eyes begin darting around behind the eyelids once or twice each hour

Question 46

What has science suggested is the reason for the rapid eye movement that occurs in human beings while they are experiencing vivid dreams?

A) Dreams are visual in nature, and the eyes are responding to these intrapsychic images. This explains why even blind people experience the rapid eye movements of REM sleep.
B) Dreams are mediated by the frontal lobes of the cerebrum, which are located just behind and above the eyes. This explains why most of the eye movements are directed upward.
C) Rapid eye movement is a leftover reflex from an early stage of human development, when the eyelids were transparent nictitating membranes that allowed us to continue "seeing" (through our eyelids) while we slept. This allowed us to unconsciously monitor our surroundings for predators.
D) The eye movements of REM sleep are the result of an overflow to the active nervous system.

Question 47

After a very long day at work,Alisa fell asleep much earlier than usual,somewhere around 7:30 pm.The television in her bedroom was left on,and she slept right through the baseball game that was televised between 8:30 and 11:30 pm.The next morning,on her way to work,she had a vague sense that her home team had won the game 7-6 in extra innings.Amazingly,the announcer came on the air a few moments later and reported that the home team had won last night in an amazing extra-innings game,with a final score of 7-6.Alisa probably should not go to work as a psychic,because her knowledge of the baseball game's outcome was a result of __________.

A) activation synthesis
B) subliminal encoding
C) nonsomnia
D) hypnopaedia

Question 48

Shortly after she lay down to go to sleep,Ellen was starting to drift off to a peaceful slumber.Out of nowhere,she experienced a sudden muscular spasm that pulled her right back to wakefulness.The technical name of this muscular contraction is a __________.

A) hypnagogic jerk
B) REM clench
C) sleep spindle
D) beta block

Question 49

Which of the following types of brain activity are present during stage 2 sleep?

A) Theta waves
B) Sleep spindles
C) Alpha waves
D) Beta waves

Question 50

A(n)__________ is a person who requires far fewer than 8 hours of sleep per day.

A) nonsomniac
B) hyposomniac
C) insomniac
D) hypersomniac

Question 51

Which theory of sleep suggests that we sleep as an evolutionary adaptation that helps shield us from predators and injury when it is dark outside?

A) The protection and preservation theory
B) The body restoration theory
C) The memory theory
D) The growth theory

Question 52

Which of the following individuals will generally need the most sleep in a day?

A) A 1-month old baby
B) A 44-year old adult
C) A college student
D) A 10-year old child

Question 53

Which part of the brain remains active during sleep and explains why we are able to distinguish important stimuli from irrelevant ones,and wake up only when it is truly necessary?

A) The somatosensory cortex
B) The striate cortex
C) The hypnagogic cortex
D) The auditory cortex

Question 54

Marvin has been a 3-pack-a-day smoker for at least 15 years,and he recognizes that he is very lucky not to be very sick already.He's decided to try various methods for quitting cigarettes,and he read that one method might be playing tapes of encouraging messages while he sleeps so that he can learn not to smoke.This method,which involves learning while we are asleep,is called __________.

A) K-complexing
B) nonsomnia
C) sublimation
D) hypnopaedia

Question 55

The __________ theory of sleep suggests that sleep restores and rebuilds recollections of the previous day's experiences,helping them to be more thoroughly encoded and stored for future use.

A) adaptive
B) body restoration
C) circadian rhythm
D) memory

Question 56

Stosh is a very deep sleeper.His college roommates know that when he is very deep into ____________ sleep,it might be extremely difficult to wake him up,and if they do manage to get him awake he will be groggy and disoriented.

A) stage 2
B) stage 1
C) stage 4
D) REM

Question 57

The fact that body tissue is repaired while we sleep is evidence for the __________ theory of sleep.

A) Memory
B) Body restoration
C) Growth
D) Protection and preservation

Question 58

Approximately ___% of children between 3 and 12 years of age have at least one instance of sleepwalking that lasts between 2 and 10 minutes.

A) 60
B) 40
C) 20
D) 90

Question 59

What is the reason why REM sleep is referred to as paradoxical sleep?

A) The neurons in the central nervous system reverse polarity and thus reverse the charges of the action and resting potentials during REM sleep. This reversal is "undone" when we shift into NREM sleep.
B) The restorative purpose of sleep is actually reversed during REM sleep, and it drains rather than restores our energy stores.
C) The muscles of the body remain relaxed even though the brain is very active.
D) During REM sleep, the EEG activity in our brain suggests that we start at stage 4 and go backward to stage 1 sleep. During NREM sleep, we start at stage 1 and go up to stage 4 sleep.

Question 60

According to research into sleep needs,most people will sleep for approximately ___ hours per night when they are not interrupted by external events.The research also found that this amount of sleep led to productive performance and improved mood.

A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9

Question 61

__________ are the sequences of images,feelings,ideas,and impressions that pass through people's minds as they sleep.

A) Dreams
B) Hypnogogic images
C) Hypocretins
D) Night terrors

Question 62

Young Marita has periods during her sleep when she will appear to wake up,and will scream,kick and thrash,and appear to be in significant distress as she breathes faster and faster.Which of the following statements best explains what is happening?

A) Marita is experiencing hyperstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system caused by sleep deprivation.
B) Marita is experiencing night terrors.
C) Marita is responding to nightmares, which are common in young children.
D) Marita is not fully asleep, and is experiencing a disorder of first and second sleep stages.

Question 63

The neurotransmitter __________,which is a stimulating substance that operates in the hypothalamus,appears to be deficient or even absent in the brains of narcoleptic individuals.

A) glycine
B) hypocretin
C) atropine
D) adenosine

Question 64

Franklin had a dream last night that he was floating down a river in a boat with no oars.He had no motor,no sail,and no way of controlling the boat.According to Freud,the manifest content of this dream is

A) feeling like some part of his life is out of control.
B) being resentful at his parents for not giving him a firm "direction" in life.
C) floating down a river in a boat with no way to steer or control the boat.
D) being terrified that he is getting married tomorrow.

Question 65

According to Sigmund Freud,the __________ content of a dream refers to what we explicitly remember about a dream,including its storyline,characters,and details.

A) hidden
B) lucid
C) latent
D) manifest

Question 66

__________is a sleep disorder that is characterized by periodic,uncontrollable sleep attacks.

A) Insomnia
B) Narcolepsy
C) Hypersomnia
D) Nonsomnia

Question 67

Sleep __________,a sleep disorder in which people intermittently stop breathing during sleep causing the level of oxygen in their blood to drop,can seriously impact a person's sense of getting rest from their sleep.

A) asphyxia
B) hypertrophism
C) walking
D) apnea

Question 68

How do scientists know that night terrors are not simply an extension of nightmares?

A) Because night terrors occur in stage 1 of NREM sleep, while nightmares occur in stage 2 of NREM sleep.
B) Because night terrors occur in stage 2 of NREM sleep, while nightmares occur in REM sleep.
C) Because night terrors occur in REM sleep, while nightmares occur in stage 4 of NREM sleep.
D) Because night terrors occur in stage 4 of NREM sleep, while nightmares occur in REM sleep.

Question 69

Which of the following sleep disorders is most commonly seen in children?

A) night terrors
B) narcolepsy
C) sleepwalking
D) insomnia

Question 70

The clock shifts in the spring and fall that are necessitated by Daylight Savings Time often throw off the internal clocks of people for several days.If you've memorized the phrase "spring forward,fall back," then you might appreciate the hour of sleep that you gain in the fall,and abhor the hour of sleep lost in the spring.Research,in fact,shows that __________ actually increased significantly after the spring change in a sample of Canadian individuals.

A) days taken off from work due to illness
B) automobile accidents
C) birth defects
D) college exams submitted that earned a failing grade

Question 71

Which of the following events that resulted in tragic consequences for people,animals,and the environment did not occur after midnight,suggesting that they may have been caused or at least contributed to by operator fatigue?

A) The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
B) The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident
C) The 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
D) The 1979 Three Mile Island disaster

Question 72

Night terrors are most likely to occur during __________ of sleep.

A) stage 4
B) stage 3
C) stage 2
D) the REM stage

Question 73

Around the same time every semester,Professor Martinez notices that student absenteeism starts to increase; specifically,students report being sick more around midterm exam time and around the end of the semester.What is most likely contributing to this increase in the number of students missing classes?

A) Students are skipping class because they are taking class time to study for exams and complete projects.
B) Students are getting less sleep, which makes them more susceptible to illness.
C) Students are missing classes because they are experiencing the dread of the exams, and this causes a temporary "school phobia" situation.
D) Students are missing classes because they feel that the class lectures that precede midterm and final exams are not as important as studying on their own.

Question 74

The average teenager needs about ____ hours of sleep per night,but only gets about ___ per night.

A) 8-9; 7
B) 10; 8
C) 8; 6
D) 7-8; 6

Question 75

Mitch is a firefighter who has been on the job for 16 years.One afternoon,while he is climbing into a burning building,he is overwhelmed by the fear that he will not make it out of this building alive.Immediately,he falls asleep right in front of the other firefighters.Thankfully they manage to get him out of the building uninjured,but given that he shows the signs of __________,Mitch should probably find a safer occupation.

A) narcolepsy
B) hypersomnia
C) nonsomnia
D) somnambulism

Question 76

__________ is a sleep disorder characterized by recurring difficulty falling or staying asleep.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Nonsomnia
C) Hypocretinism
D) Insomnia

Question 77

Why are people suffering from insomnia not advised to take sleep aid medication?

A) Because all such pills are highly addictive with minimal use.
B) Because the pills actually promote too much sleep which will disrupt circadian rhythms.
C) Because studies have shown that prolonged use of sleeping pills are related to heart disease.
D) Because sleeping pills reduce REM sleep and create more fatigue the next day.

Question 78

The treatment for __________ usually involves wearing a masklike device that forces air into the lungs during sleep.

A) narcolepsy
B) night terrors
C) sleep apnea
D) somnambulism

Question 79

According to research,___ in 5 teenagers report that they wish they could get more sleep on weekdays.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 3
D) 2

Question 80

Most people have occasional difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep during the night,but true cases of __________ are only reported by about 10-15% of adults.Even in those cases,however,people may underestimate their actual sleep habits.

A) nonsomnia
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) pseudosomnia