Deck 16: Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Question 1

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between energy restriction and longevity?

A) Improvements in longevity depend on reducing energy intake and not on the amount of body fat.
B) Restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve longevity.
C) Biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake is reduced by at least one third.
D) The activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to those of mice on standard diets.
E) Research with humans has found a substantial increase in longevity, with a 5% reduction in energy intake.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The CDC recommends that older adults engage in strength training at least two (nonconsecutive) days a week, at a moderate to high intensity, for ________ repetitions per exercise.

A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 20
C) 20 to 25
D) 25 to 30
E) 35 to 40

Answer 2

A

Question 3

By 2030, approximately what fraction of the U.S. population is projected to be 65 years or older?

A) 1/100
B) 1/25
C) 1/10
D) 1/8
E) 1/5

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Gavin says his grandmother celebrated her 93rd birthday. Gavin is referring to his grandmother's ________.

A) life expectancy
B) physiological age
C) life span
D) chronological age
E) quality of life

Question 5

Hunger is persistent when energy is restricted by ________.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 30%
E) 50%

Question 6

In the United States, woman who live to the age of 85, can expect to survive an additional _______ years, on average.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 11

Question 7

In general, older people tend to ___________and muscle and _________.

A) lose bone and muscle, gain body fat
B) lose body fat, gain bone mass
C) lose lean muscle and gain bone mass
D) lose bone, gain muscle
E) All of these are incorrect

Question 8

Which of the following accurately describes how men and women respond to stress?

A) Women's general reactions to stress are different from those of men.
B) The ability to respond is weaker in older women than in  older men.
C) Elderly women invite lighten by sharing experiences with others; elderly men alleviate stress by compartmentalizing.
D) Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men than by elderly women.
E) There are no clinically important differences in men's and women's responses to stress.

Question 9

What was the average life expectancy in the United States in 1900?

A) 42 years
B) 47 years
C) 55 years
D) 59 years
E) 65 years

Question 10

An estimated ___________ of older adults in the United States are deemed obese.

A) 40%
B) 35%
C) 37%
D) 55%
E) 50%

Question 11

The maximum potential human life span is currently about ________ years.

A) 110
B) 120
C) 130
D) 140
E) 150

Question 12

Nora says her grandfather acts like a 25-year-old man. Nora is referring to her grandfather's ________ age.

A) chronological
B) physiological
C) ephemeral
D) transient
E) historical

Question 13

Animal research has shown life-prolonging benefits when energy intake is restricted to about ________ of normal.

A) 90%
B) 85%
C) 80%
D) 75%
E) 70%

Question 14

Using animal data to extrapolate to humans, researchers estimate that it would take a person ________ years of restricting energy intake to 30% of normal, to increase life expectancy by 3 years.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 15
E) 30

Question 15

In Sardinia, Italy, and Nicoya, Costa Rica, people live long, healthy, and active lives well past 100 years. These places collectively are called ________.

A) Red Zones
B) Blue Zones
C) Age Hot Spots
D) Longevity Hot Spots
E) Quality Circles

Question 16

Reducing energy intake by a minimum of ________ brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids.

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%
E) 30%

Question 17

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?

A) 21-34 years
B) 35-49 years
C) 50-64 years
D) 65-84 years
E) Over 85 years

Question 18

What is the average life expectancy in the United States today?

A) 79 years
B) 81 years
C) 86 years
D) 89 years
E) 93 years

Question 19

Since 1950, the population of those older than 65 has almost__________-and it is expected to __________again by 2050.

A) tripled, double
B) doubled, tripled
C) doubled, no change
D) no change, tripled
E) tripled, no change

Question 20

The verifiably oldest person died in 1997 at the age of _______

A) 100 years
B) 122 years
C) 145 years
D) 134 years

Question 21

Even with the help of Social Security, how many adults over age 65 live in poverty?

A) 9
B) 15
C) 26
D) 33
E) 40

Question 22

For adults older than 65, mortality is lowest among individuals who are ________.

A) underweight
B) at a healthy weight
C) slightly overweight
D) obese
E) classified with clinically severe obesity

Question 23

Researchers have studied several nutrient interventions aimed at relieving depression in older adults. They found that these interventions ________.

A) may or may not be effective
B) are never effective
C) are mildly effective for women, but not men
D) are greatly effective for both men and women
E) may worsen depression in very old individuals

Question 24

How many adults over age 65 would live in poverty without the help of Social Security?

A) 9
B) 15
C) 26
D) 33
E) 40

Question 25

What is the minimum number of glasses of water an older adult must drink each day to prevent dehydration?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 26

The basal metabolic rate declines ________ per decade due to lean muscle mass and diminishing thyroid hormones.

A) 1 to 2%
B) 2 to 4%
C) 4 to 8%
D) 8 to 16%
E) 16 to 24%

Question 27

Which of the following best describes the effect of aging on the immune system?

A) Immunity is improved by abundant intake of iron-rich red meats and calcium-rich butter.
B) In the United States, infectious diseases are rarely the cause of deaths in the elderly.
C) Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition.
D) Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems.
E) In elderly persons, nutritional status rarely influences immune functioning.

Question 28

Louis is an 80-year-old man. How much have his energy needs declined since he was 30 years old?

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%
E) 45%

Question 29

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with two common problems of aging: osteoporosis and ________.

A) dysphagia
B) dementia
C) atrophic gastritis
D) cataracts
E) gout

Question 30

__________ is t he combination of an inefficient and overactive immune response in the aging population.

A) Inflammaging
B) Dysphagic cell mass
C) Sarcopenic undermining
D) Edentulous-induced wasting
E) Cachexia of aging

Question 31

Betty was diagnosed with a pressure ulcer, which means she has damage to her ________.

A) skin
B) colon
C) mouth
D) stomach
E) eye

Question 32

Adults aged 51 to 70 who engage in minimal outdoor activity, need ________ micrograms of vitamin D daily.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30
E) 35

Question 33

What is sarcopenia?

A) loss of central visual activity
B) loss of muscle mass and strength
C) softening of bones
D) difficulty swallowing
E) paralysis of GI tract muscles

Question 34

Older adults with atrophic gastritis are vulnerable to ________ deficiency.

A) folate
B) calcium
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin B₁₂
E) zinc

Question 35

Dehydrated older adults seem to be more susceptible to ______ and __________

A) UTI, pressure ulcers
B) memory loss, dementia
C) Alzheimer's, blood loss
D) weight gain, polyuria
E) bulimia, bingeing

Question 36

A person who has difficulty swallowing has ________.

A) edentulous
B) sarcopenia
C) dysphagia
D) pressure ulcers
E) gout

Question 37

The DRI recommends ________ milligrams of calcium for women over 50 and older and men over 70.

A) 1000
B) 1200
C) 1400
D) 1600
E) 1800

Question 38

Which of the following accurately describes concerns about water intake in elderly people?

A) They may not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth.
B) They have an increased total body water content as compared with younger adults.
C) They urinate more frequently, so require greater hydration.
D) They tend toward overhydration, which results in mental lapses and disorientation.
E) They develop pressure ulcers and urinary tract infections due to abundant intake of foods with high-water content.

Question 39

How many eligible seniors participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program?

A) 1/10
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2
E) 2/3

Question 40

A person who is edentulous should eat ________.

A) soft foods
B) red meats
C) raw fruits and vegetables
D) leafy green vegetables
E) foods rich in vitamin C

Question 41

What organ is affected by macular degeneration, a common condition for older people?

A) bone
B) eyes
C) liver
D) kidneys
E) stomach

Question 42

Older adults primarily diet in order to ________.

A) economize when food prices increase
B) improve appearance
C) pursue a medical goal such as reducing cholesterol or blood glucose control
D) reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia
E) reduce feelings of depression

Question 43

Which of the following foods has been shown to reduce joint inflammation in people with rheumatoid arthritis?

A) red meat
B) whole grains
C) fruit juices
D) fish with omega-3 fatty acids
E) vitamin D-fortified milk

Question 44

Which of the following is true of food assistance programs of the Older Americans Act?

A) Eligibility begins at 50.
B) There are no income limits for eligibility.
C) Meals on Wheels is generally preferred to congregate meals.
D) Currently, only luncheon meals are offered.
E) Meals for people with special dietary needs are offered, but less frequently that regular meals.

Question 45

Which of the following statements describes the mineral nutrition of older adults?

A) Zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group.
B) Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity.
C) Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group.
D) Vitamin D is more readily absorbed by the thinner skin of this group.
E) Folate excesses are fairly common.

Question 46

What is a congregate meal?

A) a meal provided for groups of elderly in a place like a community center
B) a meal prepared for the elderly that meets two thirds of the Dietary Recommended Intakes
C) a meal prepared for individual elderly members of large church organizations and delivered to their homes
D) a meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for nursing home residents
E) a meal prepared by a community organization and delivered to home-bound individuals where they live

Question 47

Approximately how many people in the United States are diagnosed with some form of arthritis each year?

A) 5 million
B) 10 million
C) 50 million
D) 500 million
E) 5 billion

Question 48

The brain degeneration of an overweight 60-year-old person is comparable to that of a ________-year-old adult.

A) 62
B) 65
C) 67
D) 70
E) 72

Question 49

Which type of arthritis most commonly disables older people?

A) osteoarthritis
B) rheumatoid arthritis
C) gout
D) fibromyalgia
E) psoriatic arthritis

Question 50

What percentage of people in the United States has a cataract by age 75?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 33%
D) 50%
E) 75%

Question 51

Which of the following would be the best substitute for fresh milk for the elderly person living alone who wishes to avoid food waste?

A) UHT milk
B) low-cost expired milk
C) calcium carbonate tablets
D) rice milk
E) soy milk

Question 52

What is the most important nutrition concern for people with Alzheimer's disease?

A) ensuring adequate intakes of antioxidant nutrients and DHA
B) maintaining appropriate body weight
C) monitoring intake of medications that may interfere with nutrient bioavailability
D) treatment for iron overload to prevent formation of new neurofibrillary tangles
E) taking vitamin and mineral supplements appropriate for dementia treatment

Question 53

What form of arthritis is characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints?

A) osteoarthritis
B) rheumatoid arthritis
C) gout
D) fibromyalgia
E) psoriatic arthritis

Question 54

To ascertain the risk of malnutrition among older people, the Nutrition Screening Initiative uses a checklist based on the word ________.

A) evaluate
B) identify
C) decide
D) assess
E) determine

Question 55

1 in ________ U.S. adults is affected by Alzheimer's disease after age 65.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 8
D) 12
E) 15

Question 56

Which of the following statements describes the iron intake of older adults?

A) Iron needs of men increase throughout their lifetime.
B) Iron-deficiency anemia is more common among older adults than among younger people.
C) Antacids tend to increase iron stores.
D) Elevated iron stores are likely to be found in older people who eat red meat and take iron supplements.
E) Elevated iron stores impair immunity, which can lead to infectious diseases.

Question 57

What is the name of the program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers' markets and roadside stands?

A) Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
B) Fresh Food for the Disadvantaged Elderly
C) Old Age and Survivors Health Benefits Program
D) Federal Food Pantry
E) Eldercare Food Assistance

Question 58

Which term refers the clouding of the eye lenses that impairs vision and can lead to blindness?

A) retinitis
B) keratoids
C) cataracts
D) rhodolipids
E) glaucoma

Question 59

Which of the following statements accurately describes alcohol use among the elderly?

A) Binge drinking is more frequent in the elderly than in younger persons.
B) The proportion of binge drinkers is greater in the elderly than in any other age group.
C) In elderly individuals, unlike in younger individuals, alcohol use is not associated with other risky behavior, such as illicit drug use.
D) Determining alcohol abuse among the elderly community requires costly assessment by medical professionals.
E) Elderly individuals are rarely successfully treated for alcohol abuse and dependence.

Question 60

Which of the following statements describes a connection between nutrition and cataract formation?

A) Obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts.
B) Adequate intakes of vitamin K and folate seem to delay the onset of cataract formation.
C) Nutrition seems to play little, if any, role in the onset of cataracts.
D) Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts.
E) Antioxidant supplements appear to prevent cataracts.

Question 61

________ is a deterioration of the macular area of the eye that can lead to loss of central vision and eventual blindness.

Question 62

The loss of brain function beyond the normal loss of physical adeptness and memory that occurs with aging is called "_________."

Question 63

Which of the following interferes significantly with the utilization of the antibiotic tetracycline?

A) folate
B) zinc
C) calcium
D) vitamin B₁₂
E) vitamin C

Question 64

The medication megestrol acetate ________.

A) relieves depression
B) promotes weight loss
C) enhances appetite
D) stimulates insulin production
E) treats dementia

Question 65

What is a common side effect from taking certain prescription drugs and consuming grapefruit juice?

A) metallic taste in the mouth appears
B) increased blood concentrations
C) weight gain of 5 to 7 lb
D) diminished physiological effects
E) greatly reduced absorption

Question 66

People who take diuretic medications may need to take a ________ supplement.

A) vitamin K
B) vitamin D
C) iron
D) potassium
E) sodium

Question 67

Snarls of threadlike strands that extend from the nerve cells, commonly found on the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are called "________."

Question 68

Which of the following is commonly used as an additive in liquid medicines and causes diarrhea?

A) sorbitol
B) maltose
C) saccharin
D) aspartame
E) lactulose

Question 69

A person's perceived physical and mental well-being is referred to as ________.

Question 70

The age in years from the date of birth is the ________.

Question 71

The activity of the anticoagulant drug warfarin is affected by its interaction with ________.

A) vitamin K
B) grapefruit juice
C) sodium
D) aged meats
E) vitamin B₁₂

Question 72

Which of the following foods in particular must be restricted in the diet of a person taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug to treat Parkinson's disease?

A) red meat
B) sauerkraut
C) salmon
D) cruciferous vegetables
E) chocolate

Question 73

What percentage of adults aged 65 years and older takes at least one prescription medicine?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%
E) 90%

Question 74

________ is a general term referring to any threat to a person's well-being.

Question 75

How does aspirin reduce inflammation and relieve pain?

A) It acts as a sedative.
B) It promotes wound healing and blood clotting.
C) It interferes with prostaglandins.
D) It binds to nerve receptors.
E) It stimulates endorphins.

Question 76

________ are clumps of beta-amyloid protein pieces, commonly found on the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease

Question 77

Compounds of nitrogen-containing bases such as adenine, guanine, and caffeine are called "________."

Question 78

_________ is i nflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and structural changes.

Question 79

________ initiate and conduct nerve impulse transmissions.

Question 80

Antibiotics and antacids often contain large amounts of ________.

A) sugar
B) sodium
C) sorbitol
D) lactose
E) niacin