Deck 3: Modeling

Question 1

theory proposes that we learn skills and behaviors through our social interactions?

A) Cognitive evaluation theory
B) Cognitive mediation theory
C) Self-efficacy theory
D) Social learning theory

Answer 1

D

Question 2

social learning theory, what are the processes through which we learn skills and behaviors?

A) Modeling, reinforcement, and social comparison
B) Attention, retention, and motivation
C) Modeling, retention, and motivation
D) Social comparison, attention, and motivation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to cognitive mediation theory, what are the processes by which modeling affects learning?

A) Reinforcement, social comparison, retention, and behavior reproduction
B) Attention, retention, reinforcement, and motivation
C) Social comparison, behavior reproduction, attention, and retention
D) Attention, retention, behavior reproduction, and motivation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

of the following is NOT true about the attention process of modeling?

A) Observers older than 12 years of age tend to be overinclusive, so it is important to point out critical elements in a demonstration to these learners.
B) The more complex the skill, the greater the importance of directing students' attention to the most critical parts of the demonstration.
C) Observers will attend to a model whom they respect and admire.
D) None of the above

Question 5

which of the four modeling processes (from the cognitive mediation theory) does the observer transform what was observed into symbolic codes to store into memory so the behavior can later be performed without repeating the demonstration?

A) Attention
B) Behavior reproduction
C) Motivation
D) Retention

Question 6

of the following is the act of repeating, either out loud or to oneself, important cues?

A) Labeling
B) Organization
C) Verbal rehearsal
D) Behavior reproduction

Question 7

act of transforming what was retained in memory about the movement into actual physical action is which of the following modeling processes (from the cognitive mediation theory)?

A) Attention
B) Behavior reproduction
C) Motivation
D) Retention

Question 8

modeling process influences the other three processes (in the cognitive mediation theory)?

A) Attention
B) Behavior reproduction
C) Motivation
D) Retention

Question 9

Research shows that modeling can help individuals learn which of the following?

A) Motor skills
B) Prosocial behaviors
C) Psychological states
D) All of the above

Question 10

of the following is true about the characteristics of effective models?

A) Models of the opposite sex (as compared to the observer) tend to be more effective.
B) Observing unskilled or learning models can be just as effective for learning motor skills as observing skilled models.
C) Athletes make the best models.
D) Physical education teachers are the only ones who should demonstrate skills.

Question 11

model who initially has trouble performing a skill and verbalizes low confidence in him or herself but gradually shows improvement and correct performance and then eventually makes positive, confident verbalizations is called what sort of model?

A) Concurrent model
B) Verbal model
C) Peer coping model
D) Peer mastery model

Question 12

type of model, according to research, can be especially effective in helping students learn skills and activities that may initially produce fear, anxiety, or low self-confidence?

A) Peer coping
B) Peer mastery
C) Auditory
D) Visual

Question 13

of the following illustrates the most effective frequency and timing of modeling?

A) One demonstration of a skill, before physical practice
B) Several demonstrations of a skill before physical practice, then several more throughout physical practice
C) No demonstrations before physical practice, but several demonstrations interspersed throughout practice
D) One demonstration, halfway through physical practice

Question 14

According to research, the use of a small number of verbal cues during demonstrations tends to be most helpful for which type of observers?

A) Young children and non-native English-speaking children
B) Adolescents and non-native English-speaking children
C) Young children and native English-speaking children
D) Adolescents and native English-speaking children

Question 15

According to research, verbal rehearsal of cues that accompanies a demonstration may be most effective for which type of learners?

A) Students with physical disabilities whose native language is English
B) Students with learning disabilities whose native language is not English
C) Students with physical disabilities whose native language is not English
D) Students with learning disabilities whose native language is English

Question 16

type of model seems to enhance the learning of temporal skills (those involving timing)?

A) Peer coping
B) Peer mastery
C) Auditory
D) Visual

Question 17

a variety of models to demonstrate tasks in physical education will help with which process of modeling (from the cognitive mediation theory)?

A) Attention
B) Behavior reproduction
C) Motivation
D) Retention

Question 18

the teacher repeat verbal cues during demonstrations, as well as having students verbally rehearse cues before practicing a task, can help with which process of modeling (from the cognitive mediation theory)?

A) Attention
B) Behavior reproduction
C) Motivation
D) Retention

Question 19

Including a set induction and a closure during a physical education lesson can help with which process of modeling (from the cognitive mediation theory)?

A) Attention
B) Behavior reproduction
C) Motivation
D) Retention

Question 20

of the following is NOT part of an effective set induction?

A) Communicating the importance of the tasks and/or skills to be learned
B) Demonstrating the skill or task
C) Telling students what they will be working on in the lesson
D) Conveying the lesson objective to students

Question 21

of the following is the instructional model in which students take turns assuming the role of tutor for a partner or small group of peers?

A) Personalized system of instruction
B) Peer teaching
C) Cooperative learning
D) Direct instruction

Question 22

of the following is the best method for enhancing prosocial behaviors?

A) Modeling alone
B) Reinforcement alone
C) Social comparison alone
D) Modeling and reinforcement combined