Deck 12: Racialized Youth Crime and Justice in Canada

Question 1

It is projected that by ________, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-third of Canada's total population.

A) 2025
B) 2031
C) 2036
D) 2046
E) 2060

Answer 1

A

Question 2

It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly ________ per cent of Canada's total population

A) 10
B) 20
C) 33
D) 40
E) 60

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the absence of official crime statistics on immigration, race, and ethnicity in Canada, the media represent racialized youth as ________.

A) violent
B) dangerous
C) in need of help
D) a and c
E) All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A visible minority is an official term for persons who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour and ________.

A) does not include Indigenous persons
B) does include Indigenous persons
C) does not include anyone not born in Canada
D) does not include anyone who immigrated to Canada after 1990
E) None of the above

Question 5

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as which of the following?

A) South Asian
B) Chinese
C) African
D) Latin
E) Indian

Question 6

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian followed by which of the following?

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) Latino
D) Filipino
E) Mexican

Question 7

What percent of immigrants who come to Canada reside in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal?

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60
E) 70

Question 8

Which Canadian city has the highest visible minority population?

A) Vancouver
B) Toronto
C) Montreal
D) Edmonton
E) Halifax

Question 9

In 2016, about what percentage of the all Canadian children under the age of 15 were either foreign-born or had at least one foreign born parent?

A) 15 per cent
B) 22 per cent
C) 30 per cent
D) 37 per cent
E) 52 per cent

Question 10

In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported a ________ rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.

A) significantly lower
B) significantly higher
C) about the same
D) slightly lower
E) slightly higher

Question 11

Survey findings indicate that as foreign-born youths spend more time in Canada, their reported involvement with gangs ________.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) is not affected by length of time in Canada
D) remains the same
E) None of the above

Question 12

Which of the following are considered risk factors for youth gang involvement?

A) Poverty
B) Substance abuse
C) School failure
D) Dysfunctional family
E) All of the above

Question 13

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between ________ Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees.

A) 10,000 to 15,000
B) 25,000 to 35,000
C) 35,000 to 45,000
D) 55,000 to 70,000
E) 75,000 to 90,000

Question 14

From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were ________.

A) South Asians/Indo-Canadians
B) Chinese
C) Indian
D) South American
E) None of the above

Question 15

The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the ________ model.

A) conflict
B) bias
C) interaction
D) postmodern
E) control

Question 16

Which model/hypothesis below contends that it is both differential involvement and differential treatment that produce racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes, with involvement potentially being more important at the earlier stages of the criminal justice process and selection impacting later processing?

A) Differential involvement
B) Differential selection
C) Mixed model
D) Disparity model
E) None of the above

Question 17

According to the ________ hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they commit more crime, for long periods in their life, and they commit more serious crimes.

A) differential involvement
B) differential selection
C) mixed model
D) disparity model
E) None of the above

Question 18

According to the _________ hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because of the actions of the police, including aggressive policing of high-crime neighbourhoods that also have large minority populations, and the targeting of certain crimes contributes to excessive police-citizen contacts, especially for Blacks.

A) differential involvement
B) differential selection
C) mixed model
D) disparity model
E) None of the above

Question 19

In Canada, the government of Ontario has spent upwards of ________ a year on "hot spots" policing through the TAVIS initiative and the Provincial Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy.

A) 1 million
B) 2 million
C) 5 million
D) 10 million
E) 20 million

Question 20

According to Toronto Police Service data, between 2008 and mid-2011 the number of young black men aged 15 to 24 who were carded was approximately ________ their representation in the city's population.

A) 2 times
B) 3.5 times
C) 5 times
D) 6 times
E) 8.5 times

Question 21

An analysis of data from the Edmonton Police Service found that, between 2012 and 2016, Indigenous Edmontonian males were ________ times more likely to be street checked than white people.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 22

RAJO is a Somali word for ________.

A) hope
B) justice
C) rehabilitation
D) deterrence
E) fairness

Question 23

In his analysis of the experiences of young black men involved in a gang intervention-prevention project in Toronto, Owusu-Bempah (2014) found that approximately ________ per cent of those surveyed believed that police often used violent or unfair methods to obtain information.

A) 42
B) 54
C) 65
D) 70
E) 83

Question 24

Risk factors for gang involvement of traditional at-risk youth include which of the following?

A) Single parent home
B) Poverty
C) Looking to belong
D) Earlier police contacts
E) All of the above

Question 25

Street interrogations and street checks are ________.

A) the same concept but come from different provinces in Canada
B) not at all the same concept
C) are American terms
D) a and b only
E) None of the above

Question 26

In the absence of official crime statistics on immigration, race, and ethnicity in Canada (Millar and Owusu-Bempah 2011), the media representations of racialized youth as violent and dangerous is discusses by politicians and policy-makers, as such representations lead to misinformed policy and intervention.

Question 27

It is projected that by 2056, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-third of Canada's total population.

Question 28

It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-third of Canada's total population.

Question 29

It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-half of Canada's total population.

Question 30

A visible minority is an official term for persons, other than Indigenous peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.

Question 31

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian.

Question 32

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as Indian.

Question 33

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian, followed by Filipino and Mexican.

Question 34

70 per cent of immigrants to Canada live in Toronto, Vancouver, and/or Montreal.

Question 35

Montreal has the highest visible minority population as a percent of the overall population in Canada.

Question 36

In 2016, about 37 per cent of the all Canadian children under the age of 15 were either foreign-born (i.e. first-generation immigrants) or had at least one foreign-born parent.

Question 37

In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported significantly lower rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.

Question 38

In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported significantly higher rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.

Question 39

Survey findings indicate that as foreign-born youths spend more time in Canada, their reported involvement with gangs increases.

Question 40

In the absence of nationwide data on gang membership, Canadian research on gangs is characterized by small-scale case studies.

Question 41

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 5,000 and 10,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees.

Question 42

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 55,000 to 70,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees

Question 43

Unlike their parents, second-generation youth have no language barriers; however, their challenges are no different from their parents when it comes to employment and discrimination due to their ethnicity, religion, and skin colour.

Question 44

The term Indo-Canadian refers to people of Indian heritage who are living in Canada as first-generation or second-generation immigrants.

Question 45

From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were South Asians/Indo-Canadians.

Question 46

The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the bias model.

Question 47

The cultural conflict model proposes that the intersection of immigration and culture are at the root of criminal behaviour.

Question 48

Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) is a term describing the consistent overrepresentation of persons from certain ethnic minority backgrounds in police-citizen contacts.

Question 49

According to the differential involvement hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they commit more crime, for long periods in their life, and they commit more serious crimes.

Question 50

The differential selection hypothesis contends that minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because of the actions of the police, including aggressive policing of high-crime neighbourhoods that also have large minority populations, and the targeting of certain crimes contributes to excessive police-citizen contacts.

Question 51

The mixed-model hypothesis contends that it is both differential involvement and differential treatment that produce racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes, with involvement potentially being more important at the earlier stages of the criminal justice process and selection impacting later processing.

Question 52

In Canada, the government of Ontario has spent upwards of 30 million a year on "hot spots" policing through the TAVIS initiative and the Provincial Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy.

Question 53

Carding allowed police officers to stop, question and document persons in non-arrest situations.

Question 54

The RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project is a therapeutic crime prevention and intervention program for high-risk Somali-Canadian young people between 18 and 25 years of age and their families.

Question 55

Research on perceptions and experiences with the police in Canada found that black Canadians are significantly more likely to perceive police-citizen contacts as unfair and motivated by racial bias.

Question 56

Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for traditional at-risk youth.

Question 57

Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for non-traditional at-risk youth.

Question 58

At the national level, the information on the ethnic composition of gangs relies on the findings of the 2002 Police Survey on Youth Gangs. What were the findings?

Question 59

Discuss Singh's (2006) comprehensive research study on Indo-Canadian gang members.

Question 60

What does the mixed model hypothesis essentially say about racialized youth and their contact with police officers?

Question 61

What is the social ecology of crime?

Question 62

What is "hot spot" policing?

Question 63

Discuss what is meant by police legitimacy.

Question 64

What has data in Alberta discovered about street checks of Indigenous persons in Edmonton?

Question 65

An emerging body of scholarship has documented the experiences of young Canadian Muslims when travelling abroad. What do these experiences include?

Question 66

Discuss how racial profiling contributes to excessive police surveillance.

Question 67

Discuss what procedural justice means.

Question 68

In his examination of Ontario's Special Investigations Unit (SIU), which investigates cases of serious injury or death of civilians involving police in Ontario, what did Wortley (2006) find in terms of both Indigenous Canadians and African Canadians?

Question 69

What are the main objectives and contributions of the RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project?

Question 70

Discuss how the media generates moral panic about the racialized youth, their criminality and gang involvement.

Question 71

What does the term racialized youth mean and whom does it refer to?

Question 72

What year did the Canadian Government introduce the term visible minority and who does it apply to?

Question 73

Even though the public perceptions about immigrants in the Western countries demonstrate that people are often afraid of immigrants because they perceive that certain ethnic minority immigrants engage in criminal behaviours, what does the research consistently show us?

Question 74

List five at-risk factors for gang involvement of non-traditional at-risk youth and describe.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the traditional and non-traditional risk factors for gang involvement among racialized youth.

Question 76

Discuss how the news media promotes panic and fear of immigrants and "ethnic" crime.

Question 77

In 2018, the Canadian government faced criticism for trying to deport Abdoul Abdi to Somalia, a country he has never been to. Discuss the issues surrounding this man and his circumstances.

Question 78

Discuss the three main models or hypotheses for why racialized youths are overrepresented in police-citizen encounters or contacts.

Question 79

Discuss the Toronto Police Service's (TPS) Toronto Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy (TAVIS) and the issues with this program.